Fluoride-ion battery

Example

Use in Lemonergy

Do not carry lithium-ion assumptions into every chemistry.

This is a reference concept. No executable Lemonergy block has been verified for this term.

Connected concepts

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Conversion reaction

An electrode reaction in which the host compound is broken down and reformed, as sulfur or a metal fluoride is, rather than lithium slotting into an intact structure. Conversion materials store more charge than intercalation hosts but suffer large volume change and voltage hysteresis.

Dual-ion battery

A cell in which both ions of the salt do work: on charge, cations enter the negative electrode while anions such as PF₆⁻ intercalate into a graphite positive at about 4.5–5 V. The electrolyte is therefore an active material whose salt content limits capacity, and it must survive very high voltage; the payoff is cheap, cobalt-free electrodes.

Ion

An atom or molecule carrying a net charge: a cation such as Li⁺ is positive, an anion such as PF₆⁻ negative. Ions carry current through the electrolyte, electrons carry it through the solids and the external circuit.

Solid electrolyte

A solid ion conductor that replaces the liquid electrolyte in an all-solid-state cell. Oxide, sulfide, halide and polymer families each need a different production route.

Specific energy

Stored energy per unit mass, in watt-hours per kilogram. Commercial lithium-ion cells range from about 160 Wh/kg for LFP to around 270 Wh/kg for high-nickel chemistries; at pack level the figure drops by a quarter or more.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities

   Jang Wook Choi, Doron Aurbach · Nature Reviews Materials · 2016

   Topic background · Post-lithium-ion materials and battery concepts, including practical cell-level limitations; historical 2016 perspective.

2. DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA

   Sandia National Laboratories · 2013

   Topic background · Storage technologies and grid services. The publisher notes that its historical cost and deployment figures are outdated.