Dual-ion battery

Example

Use in Lemonergy

Do not carry lithium-ion assumptions into every chemistry.

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Connected concepts

Related concepts from the knowledge graph. Connections show context, not cause and effect. Hover or focus a linked term for its definition.

Aluminium-ion battery

A rechargeable cell with an aluminium-metal negative electrode, usually in a chloroaluminate ionic liquid, in which chloroaluminate anions rather than bare Al³⁺ ions shuttle and intercalate into a graphite or graphene positive. Demonstrations reach about 2 V and thousands of fast cycles, but the positive’s low capacity keeps energy density modest; graphene versions are pursued commercially.

Electrochemical stability window

The potential range within which an electrolyte is neither reduced nor oxidised. Carbonate electrolytes are only stable from about 1 V to 4.3 V vs Li/Li⁺; graphite operates below that, which is why the SEI, not thermodynamics, keeps the cell alive.

Fluoride-ion battery

A battery in which fluoride anions, F⁻, shuttle between metal and metal-fluoride electrodes, such as copper or bismuth fluoride positives, through conversion reactions. Theoretical energy densities exceed lithium-ion, but early cells needed solid electrolytes at about 150 °C; room-temperature cycling with a liquid electrolyte was first reported in 2018, and cycle life remains short.

Graphite

Layered carbon, the negative active material of nearly all lithium-ion cells. Lithium intercalates between its layers up to LiC₆, a theoretical 372 mAh/g, at a potential about 0.1 V above lithium metal.

Intercalation

Lithium inserting into, and leaving, the host structure of an electrode material — between graphite layers, for example — without destroying it.

Lithium salt

The dissolved salt that supplies the mobile lithium ions in a liquid electrolyte, almost always lithium hexafluorophosphate, LiPF₆, at about one mole per litre. It reacts with traces of water to form hydrofluoric acid, which is why cells are filled in a dry room.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities

   Jang Wook Choi, Doron Aurbach · Nature Reviews Materials · 2016

   Topic background · Post-lithium-ion materials and battery concepts, including practical cell-level limitations; historical 2016 perspective.

2. DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA

   Sandia National Laboratories · 2013

   Topic background · Storage technologies and grid services. The publisher notes that its historical cost and deployment figures are outdated.