Lithium

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Lithium carbonate

The commodity form in which most lithium is traded and the lithium source for LFP and mid-nickel cathodes. Lithium carbonate equivalent, LCE, is the unit the industry uses to count lithium supply whatever its chemical form.

Lithium-ion battery

A rechargeable cell in which lithium ions shuttle between two intercalation electrodes, typically graphite and a lithium metal oxide, through a non-aqueous electrolyte. Commercialised in 1991, it dominates portable electronics, electric vehicles and new grid storage.

Lithium metal anode

A negative electrode made of lithium metal itself. It stores about ten times more charge per gram than graphite, which is the main attraction of solid-state cells, but it is reactive and prone to uneven deposits.

Standard electrode potential

An electrode’s potential under standard conditions, tabulated against the standard hydrogen electrode. Lithium’s −3.04 V is the most negative of any metal, which is why lithium cells have the highest voltages.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. DOE Explains… Batteries

   U.S. Department of Energy

   Topic background · Introductory account of electrodes, electrolyte and conversion between chemical and electrical energy.

2. Current and future lithium-ion battery manufacturing

   Yangtao Liu, Ruihan Zhang, Jun Wang, Yan Wang · iScience · 2021

   Topic background · Electrode preparation, cell assembly, formation and manufacturing trade-offs.