Conversion reaction

Example

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Alloying reaction

An electrode mechanism in which lithium forms an alloy with the host, as it does with silicon, tin or aluminium. It stores far more lithium per atom than intercalation at the cost of volume changes of several hundred percent.

Intercalation

Lithium inserting into, and leaving, the host structure of an electrode material — between graphite layers, for example — without destroying it.

Lithium–sulfur battery

A cell pairing a lithium-metal negative electrode with a sulfur positive electrode, which is cheap, light and converts rather than intercalates. Theoretical specific energy is very high; dissolving polysulfides and short cycle life are the obstacles.

Voltage hysteresis

The difference between the open-circuit voltage reached from charging and from discharging at the same state of charge. It is small for most lithium-ion chemistries but large for LFP and silicon, and it limits how precisely voltage can give SOC.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, 3rd edition, 2nd printing

   IUPAC · 2011

   Topic background · Physical-chemistry notation, thermodynamics, electrochemistry and transport quantities.