Tin anode

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Connect each material with its function.

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Alloying reaction

An electrode mechanism in which lithium forms an alloy with the host, as it does with silicon, tin or aluminium. It stores far more lithium per atom than intercalation at the cost of volume changes of several hundred percent.

Anode active material

The lithium host in the negative electrode: natural or synthetic graphite in almost every lithium-ion cell today, sometimes blended with a few percent of silicon to raise capacity.

Particle cracking

Fracture of active-material particles from the volume change of repeated lithium insertion and removal. New surfaces consume electrolyte to form fresh SEI, and fragments that lose contact no longer store lithium.

Silicon anode

A negative electrode that uses silicon, which alloys with lithium and stores roughly ten times more charge per gram than graphite but swells by up to 300 %. Today it is blended into graphite at a few percent to limit the swelling.

Sodium-ion battery

A cell built like a lithium-ion cell but shuttling sodium ions, usually between a hard-carbon negative electrode and a layered oxide or Prussian-blue positive. It uses no lithium, cobalt or copper, at the cost of lower energy density.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. DOE Explains… Batteries

   U.S. Department of Energy

   Topic background · Introductory account of electrodes, electrolyte and conversion between chemical and electrical energy.

2. Current and future lithium-ion battery manufacturing

   Yangtao Liu, Ruihan Zhang, Jun Wang, Yan Wang · iScience · 2021

   Topic background · Electrode preparation, cell assembly, formation and manufacturing trade-offs.