{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:tin-anode",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Tin anode",
    "properties": {
      "id": "tin-anode",
      "name": "Tin anode",
      "aka": [
        "Sn anode",
        "tin-based anode",
        "Sn–Co–C"
      ],
      "section": "topic-components",
      "definition": "A negative electrode using tin, which alloys with lithium up to about Li₄.₄Sn for a theoretical 994 mAh/g, nearly three times graphite. Its volume grows by roughly 260 % on lithiation, so tin is used in composites; Sony’s 2005 Nexelion cell had an amorphous tin–cobalt–carbon anode. Tin also alloys with sodium, making it a sodium-ion candidate.",
      "related": [
        "alloying",
        "silicon-anode",
        "anode-active-material",
        "sodium-ion",
        "particle-cracking"
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      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/tin-anode/",
      "mentions": [
        "milliampere-hour",
        "electrode",
        "negative-electrode",
        "anode",
        "graphite",
        "calcination",
        "cobalt"
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      "id": "topic:topic-components",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Cell components and electrode materials",
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        "lede": "What a cell is physically made of — active materials, binders, additives, foils and tabs — and how its electrodes are put together.",
        "context": "Connect each material with its function.",
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        "lesson_label": "Open cell anatomy"
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      "id": "term:alloying",
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        "id": "alloying",
        "name": "Alloying reaction",
        "section": "topic-electrochemistry",
        "definition": "An electrode mechanism in which lithium forms an alloy with the host, as it does with silicon, tin or aluminium. It stores far more lithium per atom than intercalation at the cost of volume changes of several hundred percent.",
        "related": [
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          "intercalation",
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        "mentions": [
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      "id": "term:silicon-anode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Silicon anode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "silicon-anode",
        "name": "Silicon anode",
        "aka": [
          "silicon-graphite",
          "SiOx"
        ],
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A negative electrode that uses silicon, which alloys with lithium and stores roughly ten times more charge per gram than graphite but swells by up to 300 %. Today it is blended into graphite at a few percent to limit the swelling.",
        "related": [
          "graphite",
          "alloying",
          "particle-cracking",
          "swelling",
          "self-healing-binder"
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        "example": {
          "title": "Read the mixture basis",
          "text": "A silicon-containing electrode may be a blend rather than pure silicon. A silicon percentage needs a clear mass basis."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/silicon-anode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "negative-electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:anode-active-material",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Anode active material",
      "properties": {
        "id": "anode-active-material",
        "name": "Anode active material",
        "abbr": "AAM",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The lithium host in the negative electrode: natural or synthetic graphite in almost every lithium-ion cell today, sometimes blended with a few percent of silicon to raise capacity.",
        "related": [
          "active-material",
          "graphite",
          "silicon-anode",
          "hard-carbon",
          "lto"
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        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "negative-electrode",
          "synthetic-graphite"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:sodium-ion",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Sodium-ion battery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "sodium-ion",
        "name": "Sodium-ion battery",
        "abbr": "Na-ion",
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A cell built like a lithium-ion cell but shuttling sodium ions, usually between a hard-carbon negative electrode and a layered oxide or Prussian-blue positive. It uses no lithium, cobalt or copper, at the cost of lower energy density.",
        "related": [
          "hard-carbon",
          "lithium-ion",
          "energy-density",
          "stationary-storage",
          "seawater-battery"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/sodium-ion/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "negative-electrode",
          "cobalt",
          "layered-oxide"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:particle-cracking",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Particle cracking",
      "properties": {
        "id": "particle-cracking",
        "name": "Particle cracking",
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "Fracture of active-material particles from the volume change of repeated lithium insertion and removal. New surfaces consume electrolyte to form fresh SEI, and fragments that lose contact no longer store lithium.",
        "related": [
          "cycle-aging",
          "loss-of-active-material",
          "silicon-anode",
          "single-crystal",
          "depth-of-discharge"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#cracking",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/particle-cracking/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "sei"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:milliampere-hour",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Milliampere-hour",
      "properties": {
        "id": "milliampere-hour",
        "name": "Milliampere-hour",
        "abbr": "mAh",
        "section": "topic-units",
        "definition": "One thousandth of an ampere-hour, the capacity unit used for small cells. A phone cell of 4500 mAh holds 4.5 Ah; multiplied by its nominal voltage that is about 17 Wh.",
        "unit": "mAh",
        "related": [
          "ampere-hour",
          "watt-hour"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/milliampere-hour/",
        "mentions": [
          "nominal-voltage"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrode",
        "name": "Electrode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A solid conductor where the cell’s reaction happens, in contact with the electrolyte. A lithium-ion cell has a negative electrode and a positive electrode, each a porous coating on a metal foil.",
        "related": [
          "negative-electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "porous-electrode",
          "current-collector"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components",
        "example": {
          "title": "Two transport paths",
          "text": "Electrons need connected solid paths to the collector; ions need electrolyte paths to reaction sites. More of one constituent displaces others at fixed volume."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "coating"
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    {
      "id": "term:negative-electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Negative electrode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "negative-electrode",
        "name": "Negative electrode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The electrode at the lower potential, usually graphite on copper foil in a lithium-ion cell. It holds the lithium when the cell is charged and releases it on discharge, and industry calls it the anode.",
        "related": [
          "anode",
          "graphite",
          "positive-electrode",
          "copper-foil"
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        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#anode-cathode",
        "example": {
          "title": "Keep the polarity name",
          "text": "Graphite remains the negative electrode during charge and discharge, while the anode/cathode reaction labels change with operating direction."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/negative-electrode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
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      }
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    {
      "id": "term:anode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Anode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "anode",
        "name": "Anode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The electrode where oxidation happens. On discharge that is the negative electrode; on charge it is the positive one. Battery makers nonetheless call the negative electrode “the anode” at all times, after its role on discharge.",
        "related": [
          "negative-electrode",
          "cathode",
          "oxidation",
          "graphite"
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        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#anode-cathode",
        "example": {
          "title": "Check operating direction",
          "text": "During discharge, oxidation makes the negative electrode the anode. During charge, oxidation occurs at the positive electrode. Commercial names often retain the discharge convention."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/anode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
        ]
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    },
    {
      "id": "term:graphite",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Graphite",
      "properties": {
        "id": "graphite",
        "name": "Graphite",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "Layered carbon, the negative active material of nearly all lithium-ion cells. Lithium intercalates between its layers up to LiC₆, a theoretical 372 mAh/g, at a potential about 0.1 V above lithium metal.",
        "related": [
          "anode-active-material",
          "intercalation",
          "natural-graphite",
          "synthetic-graphite",
          "lithium-plating"
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        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components",
        "example": {
          "title": "Compare matching mass bases",
          "text": "A graphite value per gram of active material cannot be directly compared with a value including binder, additive and foil."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/graphite/",
        "mentions": [
          "milliampere-hour",
          "active-material"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:calcination",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Calcination",
      "properties": {
        "id": "calcination",
        "name": "Calcination",
        "aka": [
          "lithiation",
          "sintering of CAM"
        ],
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "Firing the precursor with a lithium source — lithium carbonate or, for high-nickel materials, lithium hydroxide — at 700–900 °C in kilns to form the layered oxide. Atmosphere and temperature profile control the crystal quality.",
        "related": [
          "precursor",
          "cathode-active-material",
          "lithium-hydroxide",
          "lithium-carbonate"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/calcination/",
        "mentions": [
          "layered-oxide"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:cobalt",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cobalt",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cobalt",
        "name": "Cobalt",
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "The metal that stabilises layered-oxide cathodes, mined largely in the Democratic Republic of Congo under scrutiny for working conditions. Its price and ethics have driven the industry from LCO and NMC111 towards high-nickel and cobalt-free LFP.",
        "related": [
          "nmc",
          "lco",
          "high-nickel",
          "critical-raw-materials",
          "due-diligence"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cobalt/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    }
  ]
}