Alloying reaction

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Conversion reaction

An electrode reaction in which the host compound is broken down and reformed, as sulfur or a metal fluoride is, rather than lithium slotting into an intact structure. Conversion materials store more charge than intercalation hosts but suffer large volume change and voltage hysteresis.

Intercalation

Lithium inserting into, and leaving, the host structure of an electrode material — between graphite layers, for example — without destroying it.

Particle cracking

Fracture of active-material particles from the volume change of repeated lithium insertion and removal. New surfaces consume electrolyte to form fresh SEI, and fragments that lose contact no longer store lithium.

Silicon anode

A negative electrode that uses silicon, which alloys with lithium and stores roughly ten times more charge per gram than graphite but swells by up to 300 %. Today it is blended into graphite at a few percent to limit the swelling.

Tin anode

A negative electrode using tin, which alloys with lithium up to about Li₄.₄Sn for a theoretical 994 mAh/g, nearly three times graphite. Its volume grows by roughly 260 % on lithiation, so tin is used in composites; Sony’s 2005 Nexelion cell had an amorphous tin–cobalt–carbon anode. Tin also alloys with sodium, making it a sodium-ion candidate.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, 3rd edition, 2nd printing

   IUPAC · 2011

   Topic background · Physical-chemistry notation, thermodynamics, electrochemistry and transport quantities.