Sodium-ion battery

Example

Use in Lemonergy

Do not carry lithium-ion assumptions into every chemistry.

This is a reference concept. No executable Lemonergy block has been verified for this term.

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Energy density

Stored energy per unit volume, in watt-hours per litre. It is the figure that matters when space is the constraint, as in a phone or under a car floor; high-energy cylindrical cells pass 700 Wh/L.

Hard carbon

A disordered, non-graphitisable carbon used as the negative electrode of sodium-ion cells, where graphite barely works, and as a fast-charge additive in lithium-ion. Its open structure accepts ions without the strict layer spacing of graphite.

Lithium-ion battery

A rechargeable cell in which lithium ions shuttle between two intercalation electrodes, typically graphite and a lithium metal oxide, through a non-aqueous electrolyte. Commercialised in 1991, it dominates portable electronics, electric vehicles and new grid storage.

Seawater battery

A battery that uses seawater as its electrolyte or positive reactant. Seawater-activated primaries, such as magnesium–silver chloride cells, sit dry for years and start when immersed, powering sonobuoys and life-jacket lights. Rechargeable versions pull sodium ions from seawater through a NASICON ceramic into a sealed negative electrode, with oxygen reactions on the open seawater side.

Stationary storage

Batteries installed in a fixed place — a container at a solar farm, a cabinet in a home — to shift energy in time or support the grid. LFP cells dominate because cost per cycle and safety matter more than mass.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities

   Jang Wook Choi, Doron Aurbach · Nature Reviews Materials · 2016

   Topic background · Post-lithium-ion materials and battery concepts, including practical cell-level limitations; historical 2016 perspective.

2. DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA

   Sandia National Laboratories · 2013

   Topic background · Storage technologies and grid services. The publisher notes that its historical cost and deployment figures are outdated.