Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry

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Post-mortem analysis

Opening an aged or failed cell in an inert glovebox and examining its electrodes by microscopy, diffraction and chemical analysis. It confirms which degradation mechanisms actually occurred rather than inferring them from voltage.

Solid–electrolyte interphase

A film of electrolyte reaction products on the negative-electrode particles — graphite, and also silicon or lithium metal. It protects the electrode from further reaction but grows slowly for the whole life of the cell, consuming cyclable lithium.

Transition-metal dissolution

Manganese, nickel or cobalt ions leaching from the positive electrode into the electrolyte, especially at high voltage and temperature or when HF is present. They migrate to the negative electrode and poison the SEI there, accelerating lithium loss.

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Shining X-rays on a surface and measuring the energies of the electrons knocked out, which identify each element and its chemical bonding in the top few nanometres. It is the main tool for SEI and CEI composition — LiF, Li₂CO₃, organic carbonates — and, combined with argon-ion sputtering, for depth profiles.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Advanced characterization techniques for solid state lithium battery research

   Yuxuan Xiang, Xia Li, Yongqiang Cheng, Xueliang Sun, Yong Yang · Materials Today · 2020

   Topic background · X-ray, solid-state NMR and neutron methods in solid-state battery research.