Post-mortem analysis

Example

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Connect results with scale and specimen preparation.

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Aging mechanism

A specific physical or chemical process that degrades a cell — SEI growth, lithium plating, particle cracking, transition-metal dissolution. Mechanisms are grouped into three modes: loss of lithium inventory, loss of active material and resistance increase.

Differential voltage analysis

Plotting the derivative of voltage with respect to charge during a slow cycle. Its peaks mark electrode phase transitions, and how they shift between cycles separates lithium inventory loss from active-material loss without opening the cell.

Nuclear magnetic resonance

Probing nuclei such as ⁷Li, ¹⁹F and ¹H in a strong magnetic field, where their resonance frequencies reveal their chemical surroundings. Solid-state ⁷Li NMR separates metallic lithium, shifted by about 250 ppm, from lithium in graphite or the SEI, so it can quantify plating even operando; solution NMR identifies electrolyte decomposition products.

Scanning electron microscopy

Imaging a surface with a focused electron beam at magnifications far beyond light microscopy. In battery work it shows particle cracking, plated lithium and coating morphology; cross-sections show the layer structure of an electrode.

X-ray diffraction

Identifying crystal structures from the angles at which they scatter X-rays. It tracks lithium content and phase changes in electrode materials, and operando XRD follows them while the cell cycles.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Advanced characterization techniques for solid state lithium battery research

   Yuxuan Xiang, Xia Li, Yongqiang Cheng, Xueliang Sun, Yong Yang · Materials Today · 2020

   Topic background · X-ray, solid-state NMR and neutron methods in solid-state battery research.