X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

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Cathode–electrolyte interphase

The counterpart of the SEI on the positive electrode: a thin layer of electrolyte oxidation products on the oxide surface. It is thinner and less stable than the SEI, and its growth contributes to impedance rise, especially at high voltage.

Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy

Identifying chemical bonds from the infrared wavelengths a sample absorbs. Battery labs use it to fingerprint electrolyte solvents and their ratios, organic SEI species such as lithium alkyl carbonates, and binders; the attenuated-total-reflectance mode probes electrode surfaces directly, and gas cells analyse vent gas online.

Post-mortem analysis

Opening an aged or failed cell in an inert glovebox and examining its electrodes by microscopy, diffraction and chemical analysis. It confirms which degradation mechanisms actually occurred rather than inferring them from voltage.

Solid–electrolyte interphase

A film of electrolyte reaction products on the negative-electrode particles — graphite, and also silicon or lithium metal. It protects the electrode from further reaction but grows slowly for the whole life of the cell, consuming cyclable lithium.

Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry

Sputtering the outermost atomic layers of a sample with a pulsed ion beam and weighing the ejected ions by how long they take to reach the detector. It detects every element, lithium and hydrogen included, at parts-per-million levels, and maps SEI fragments across a surface and, with a second sputter beam, in depth.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Advanced characterization techniques for solid state lithium battery research

   Yuxuan Xiang, Xia Li, Yongqiang Cheng, Xueliang Sun, Yong Yang · Materials Today · 2020

   Topic background · X-ray, solid-state NMR and neutron methods in solid-state battery research.