Cathode–electrolyte interphase

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Electrolyte decomposition

Reduction of the electrolyte at the negative electrode and oxidation at the positive, outside its stability window. A little is useful — it builds the SEI — but continued decomposition consumes lithium, dries the cell and makes gas.

High-nickel cathode

A layered oxide with 80 % or more nickel, such as NMC811 or NCA. Nickel raises capacity and lowers cobalt content, but the material is less thermally stable, more sensitive to moisture and ages faster at high voltage.

Impedance rise

An increase in a cell’s internal resistance as it ages. It costs voltage under load and therefore power, even while the stored charge is still there.

Solid–electrolyte interphase

A film of electrolyte reaction products on the negative-electrode particles — graphite, and also silicon or lithium metal. It protects the electrode from further reaction but grows slowly for the whole life of the cell, consuming cyclable lithium.

References & further reading

Technical references

1. Lithium ion battery degradation: what you need to know

   Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · 2021

   Technical reference · Degradation mechanisms, modes, operational effects and their interactions.