N/P ratio

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Anode overhang

The margin, of the order of a millimetre, by which the negative electrode extends beyond the positive electrode at every edge, so lithium leaving the cathode edge always finds graphite to enter rather than plating. The overhang slowly soaks up and gives back lithium itself, which causes small apparent capacity drifts in storage and efficiency tests.

Areal loading

How much active material, or capacity, an electrode carries per square centimetre of foil, typically 2–5 mAh/cm². Higher loading raises energy density but lengthens the ion path, which limits fast charging.

Cell design

Choosing the chemistry, electrode loadings, porosities, N/P ratio, separator, electrolyte volume and format that together meet an energy, power, life, safety and cost target. Each choice trades against the others: thicker electrodes raise energy and lower power.

Lithium plating

Lithium metal depositing on the negative-electrode surface instead of intercalating into it. It is promoted by charging at low temperature or high current.

Electrode overhang and alignment

The margins by which, on every edge, the separator extends beyond the negative electrode and the negative beyond the positive, and the placement tolerance that must preserve them. If a positive edge ever sits outside the negative, lithium plates there; if the separator falls short, the electrodes can touch. Lines check alignment by camera and X-ray.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. DOE Explains… Batteries

   U.S. Department of Energy

   Topic background · Introductory account of electrodes, electrolyte and conversion between chemical and electrical energy.

2. Current and future lithium-ion battery manufacturing

   Yangtao Liu, Ruihan Zhang, Jun Wang, Yan Wang · iScience · 2021

   Topic background · Electrode preparation, cell assembly, formation and manufacturing trade-offs.