Lithium plating

Example

Use in Lemonergy

Separate mechanisms, observations and fitted models.

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Learn it in Lesson 4 · Battery aging →

Connected concepts

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Dead lithium

Plated lithium metal that has lost electrical contact with the electrode, usually because SEI formed around it. It can no longer take part in cycling, so every gram of it is permanent capacity loss.

Dendrite

A tree-like metal deposit that can grow from the negative electrode through the separator, raising self-discharge or causing an internal short circuit.

Electrodeposition

Depositing a solid, usually a metal, onto an electrode by reducing its dissolved ions. Most battery copper foil is made this way on a rotating drum, and even plating and stripping of lithium or zinc decides whether metal electrodes work; lithium plating on graphite is the same process happening where it is not wanted.

Fast charging

Charging intended to replenish a specified amount of energy or state of charge in a short time. There is no universal C-rate threshold: performance depends on cell chemistry, temperature, starting state and power limits. High current can increase heating and lithium-plating risk, requiring appropriate limits.

Intercalation

Lithium inserting into, and leaving, the host structure of an electrode material — between graphite layers, for example — without destroying it.

N/P ratio

The areal capacity of the negative electrode divided by that of the positive electrode facing it, usually set at 1.05–1.15. The excess negative capacity ensures there is always a graphite site for every lithium ion on charge, which guards against lithium plating.

References & further reading

Technical references

1. Lithium ion battery degradation: what you need to know

   Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · 2021

   Technical reference · Degradation mechanisms, modes, operational effects and their interactions.