Niobium tungsten oxide

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Connect each material with its function.

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Anode active material

The lithium host in the negative electrode: natural or synthetic graphite in almost every lithium-ion cell today, sometimes blended with a few percent of silicon to raise capacity.

Fast charging

Charging intended to replenish a specified amount of energy or state of charge in a short time. There is no universal C-rate threshold: performance depends on cell chemistry, temperature, starting state and power limits. High current can increase heating and lithium-plating risk, requiring appropriate limits.

Lithium plating

Lithium metal depositing on the negative-electrode surface instead of intercalating into it. It is promoted by charging at low temperature or high current.

Lithium titanate

A negative active material, Li₄Ti₅O₁₂, that works at about 1.55 V above lithium, so it never plates lithium and forms almost no SEI. The price is a low cell voltage of about 2.4 V and low energy density, traded for very long life and fast charging.

Solid-state diffusion

Lithium moving through the crystal lattice of an active-material particle, with diffusion coefficients of about 10⁻¹⁶ to 10⁻¹³ m²/s — three or more orders of magnitude slower than the 10⁻¹⁰ m²/s of the liquid. It is usually the rate-limiting step for thick electrodes and large particles.

Extreme fast charging

Charging a vehicle battery in about 10–15 minutes, roughly 4C to 6C — the US Department of Energy’s research target that set the term. At these rates lithium plating, heat and electrolyte transport limit the cell, so XFC needs thin or structured electrodes, strong cooling and careful protocols.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. DOE Explains… Batteries

   U.S. Department of Energy

   Topic background · Introductory account of electrodes, electrolyte and conversion between chemical and electrical energy.

2. Current and future lithium-ion battery manufacturing

   Yangtao Liu, Ruihan Zhang, Jun Wang, Yan Wang · iScience · 2021

   Topic background · Electrode preparation, cell assembly, formation and manufacturing trade-offs.