{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:niobium-tungsten-oxide",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Niobium tungsten oxide",
    "properties": {
      "id": "niobium-tungsten-oxide",
      "name": "Niobium tungsten oxide",
      "aka": [
        "Nb₁₆W₅O₅₅",
        "niobium oxide anode",
        "Wadsley–Roth phase"
      ],
      "section": "topic-components",
      "definition": "A family of mixed oxides, such as Nb₁₆W₅O₅₅, whose open block structures let lithium diffuse quickly even through micrometre-sized particles. Like lithium titanate it works around 1.5 V versus lithium, so it avoids lithium plating and thick SEI, but it stores more charge per litre; it is developed for cells that charge in minutes.",
      "related": [
        "lto",
        "anode-active-material",
        "fast-charging",
        "lithium-plating",
        "solid-state-diffusion",
        "xfc"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/niobium-tungsten-oxide/",
      "mentions": [
        "sei"
      ]
    }
  },
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      "id": "topic:topic-components",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Cell components and electrode materials",
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        "name": "Cell components and electrode materials",
        "lede": "What a cell is physically made of — active materials, binders, additives, foils and tabs — and how its electrodes are put together.",
        "context": "Connect each material with its function.",
        "example": "Electrons travel through additive, foil and tab; ions use electrolyte and separator pathways.",
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        "lesson_label": "Open cell anatomy"
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      "id": "term:lto",
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      "label": "Lithium titanate",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lto",
        "name": "Lithium titanate",
        "abbr": "LTO",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A negative active material, Li₄Ti₅O₁₂, that works at about 1.55 V above lithium, so it never plates lithium and forms almost no SEI. The price is a low cell voltage of about 2.4 V and low energy density, traded for very long life and fast charging.",
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        "name": "Anode active material",
        "abbr": "AAM",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The lithium host in the negative electrode: natural or synthetic graphite in almost every lithium-ion cell today, sometimes blended with a few percent of silicon to raise capacity.",
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          "active-material",
          "graphite",
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    {
      "id": "term:fast-charging",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Fast charging",
      "properties": {
        "id": "fast-charging",
        "name": "Fast charging",
        "section": "topic-charging",
        "definition": "Charging intended to replenish a specified amount of energy or state of charge in a short time. There is no universal C-rate threshold: performance depends on cell chemistry, temperature, starting state and power limits. High current can increase heating and lithium-plating risk, requiring appropriate limits.",
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        "mentions": [
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      "id": "term:lithium-plating",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Lithium plating",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lithium-plating",
        "name": "Lithium plating",
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "Lithium metal depositing on the negative-electrode surface instead of intercalating into it. It is promoted by charging at low temperature or high current.",
        "related": [
          "dendrite",
          "fast-charging",
          "intercalation",
          "np-ratio",
          "dead-lithium",
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lithium-plating/",
        "mentions": []
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    },
    {
      "id": "term:solid-state-diffusion",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Solid-state diffusion",
      "properties": {
        "id": "solid-state-diffusion",
        "name": "Solid-state diffusion",
        "section": "topic-transport",
        "definition": "Lithium moving through the crystal lattice of an active-material particle, with diffusion coefficients of about 10⁻¹⁶ to 10⁻¹³ m²/s — three or more orders of magnitude slower than the 10⁻¹⁰ m²/s of the liquid. It is usually the rate-limiting step for thick electrodes and large particles.",
        "unit": "m²/s",
        "related": [
          "diffusion-coefficient",
          "diffusion",
          "particle-size",
          "rate-capability",
          "gitt"
        ],
        "lesson": "transport/ficks-first-law/#in-a-cell",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/solid-state-diffusion/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:xfc",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Extreme fast charging",
      "properties": {
        "id": "xfc",
        "name": "Extreme fast charging",
        "abbr": "XFC",
        "section": "topic-charging",
        "definition": "Charging a vehicle battery in about 10–15 minutes, roughly 4C to 6C — the US Department of Energy’s research target that set the term. At these rates lithium plating, heat and electrolyte transport limit the cell, so XFC needs thin or structured electrodes, strong cooling and careful protocols.",
        "related": [
          "fast-charging",
          "lithium-plating",
          "hpc",
          "areal-loading",
          "mscc"
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/xfc/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:sei",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Solid–electrolyte interphase",
      "properties": {
        "id": "sei",
        "name": "Solid–electrolyte interphase",
        "abbr": "SEI",
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "A film of electrolyte reaction products on the negative-electrode particles — graphite, and also silicon or lithium metal. It protects the electrode from further reaction but grows slowly for the whole life of the cell, consuming cyclable lithium.",
        "related": [
          "passivation",
          "formation",
          "calendar-aging",
          "loss-of-lithium-inventory",
          "cei"
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        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#sei",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/sei/",
        "mentions": [
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          "graphite",
          "electrolyte"
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      }
    }
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}