Lithium titanate

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Anode active material

The lithium host in the negative electrode: natural or synthetic graphite in almost every lithium-ion cell today, sometimes blended with a few percent of silicon to raise capacity.

Cycle life

The number of full charge–discharge cycles a cell completes before its capacity falls to a stated fraction, usually 80 %, of its initial value under defined conditions. LFP cells reach several thousand cycles; high-energy NMC fewer.

Fast charging

Charging intended to replenish a specified amount of energy or state of charge in a short time. There is no universal C-rate threshold: performance depends on cell chemistry, temperature, starting state and power limits. High current can increase heating and lithium-plating risk, requiring appropriate limits.

Lithium plating

Lithium metal depositing on the negative-electrode surface instead of intercalating into it. It is promoted by charging at low temperature or high current.

Niobium tungsten oxide

A family of mixed oxides, such as Nb₁₆W₅O₅₅, whose open block structures let lithium diffuse quickly even through micrometre-sized particles. Like lithium titanate it works around 1.5 V versus lithium, so it avoids lithium plating and thick SEI, but it stores more charge per litre; it is developed for cells that charge in minutes.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. DOE Explains… Batteries

   U.S. Department of Energy

   Topic background · Introductory account of electrodes, electrolyte and conversion between chemical and electrical energy.

2. Current and future lithium-ion battery manufacturing

   Yangtao Liu, Ruihan Zhang, Jun Wang, Yan Wang · iScience · 2021

   Topic background · Electrode preparation, cell assembly, formation and manufacturing trade-offs.