Lithium–silver vanadium oxide cell

Example

Use in Lemonergy

Do not carry lithium-ion assumptions into every chemistry.

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Lithium–carbon monofluoride cell

A primary cell whose positive electrode is fluorinated carbon, CFx. Its theoretical specific energy, about 2,180 Wh/kg, is the highest of the commercial primary chemistries, and self-discharge is very low; under load it delivers around 2.5–2.8 V. It powers medical implants, military and space equipment and long-life sensors, but heats noticeably at high rates.

Lithium–iodine cell

A 2.8 V solid-state primary cell in which a lithium anode meets an iodine–polymer cathode, and the lithium iodide that forms between them is both electrolyte and separator. It supplies only microamperes, but nothing gasses, so it can be sealed hermetically and last a decade or more; it has powered most cardiac pacemakers since the 1970s.

Medical device batteries

Batteries for devices from infusion pumps and portable monitors to pacemakers. External equipment uses rechargeable packs tested to IEC 62133 and approved as part of the device under IEC 60601-1, built under ISO 13485 with full traceability; implants use hermetic primary cells such as lithium–iodine and lithium–silver vanadium oxide, chosen for years of predictable life.

Primary cell

A cell designed to be discharged once and not recharged, such as an alkaline or lithium–manganese dioxide cell. Its reaction is not reversible in practice, unlike the secondary cells this glossary is mostly about.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities

   Jang Wook Choi, Doron Aurbach · Nature Reviews Materials · 2016

   Topic background · Post-lithium-ion materials and battery concepts, including practical cell-level limitations; historical 2016 perspective.

2. DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA

   Sandia National Laboratories · 2013

   Topic background · Storage technologies and grid services. The publisher notes that its historical cost and deployment figures are outdated.