{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:lithium-plating",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Lithium plating",
    "properties": {
      "id": "lithium-plating",
      "name": "Lithium plating",
      "section": "topic-aging",
      "definition": "Lithium metal depositing on the negative-electrode surface instead of intercalating into it. It is promoted by charging at low temperature or high current.",
      "related": [
        "dendrite",
        "fast-charging",
        "intercalation",
        "np-ratio",
        "dead-lithium",
        "electrodeposition"
      ],
      "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#plating",
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lithium-plating/",
      "mentions": []
    }
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    {
      "id": "topic:topic-aging",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Aging and degradation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-aging",
        "name": "Aging and degradation",
        "lede": "Why a cell loses capacity and gains resistance, and the mechanisms behind it.",
        "context": "Separate mechanisms, observations and fitted models.",
        "example": "Capacity loss and resistance rise can have different causes; a film-growth curve cannot identify both.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-aging/",
        "lesson_label": "Open aging"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:dendrite",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Dendrite",
      "properties": {
        "id": "dendrite",
        "name": "Dendrite",
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "A tree-like metal deposit that can grow from the negative electrode through the separator, raising self-discharge or causing an internal short circuit.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-plating",
          "internal-short-circuit",
          "lithium-metal-anode",
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/dendrite/",
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          "electrode",
          "negative-electrode",
          "self-discharge",
          "short-circuit"
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      }
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    {
      "id": "term:fast-charging",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Fast charging",
      "properties": {
        "id": "fast-charging",
        "name": "Fast charging",
        "section": "topic-charging",
        "definition": "Charging intended to replenish a specified amount of energy or state of charge in a short time. There is no universal C-rate threshold: performance depends on cell chemistry, temperature, starting state and power limits. High current can increase heating and lithium-plating risk, requiring appropriate limits.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-plating",
          "c-rate",
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          "dc-fast-charging",
          "thermal-management",
          "mscc"
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/fast-charging/",
        "mentions": [
          "state-of-charge"
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      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:intercalation",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Intercalation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "intercalation",
        "name": "Intercalation",
        "section": "topic-electrochemistry",
        "definition": "Lithium inserting into, and leaving, the host structure of an electrode material — between graphite layers, for example — without destroying it.",
        "related": [
          "graphite",
          "rocking-chair",
          "lithium-plating",
          "conversion-reaction",
          "alloying"
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        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#plating",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/intercalation/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
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      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:np-ratio",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "N/P ratio",
      "properties": {
        "id": "np-ratio",
        "name": "N/P ratio",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The areal capacity of the negative electrode divided by that of the positive electrode facing it, usually set at 1.05–1.15. The excess negative capacity ensures there is always a graphite site for every lithium ion on charge, which guards against lithium plating.",
        "formula": "N/P = Q_neg / Q_pos",
        "related": [
          "areal-loading",
          "lithium-plating",
          "cell-design",
          "overhang-alignment",
          "anode-overhang"
        ],
        "example": {
          "title": "Compare electrode capacity budgets",
          "text": "A negative-electrode capacity of 3.3 mAh/cm² paired with a positive-electrode capacity of 3.0 mAh/cm² gives an N/P ratio of 1.10. The chosen capacity definitions and operating windows must match."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/np-ratio/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "negative-electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "graphite"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:dead-lithium",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Dead lithium",
      "properties": {
        "id": "dead-lithium",
        "name": "Dead lithium",
        "aka": [
          "inactive lithium"
        ],
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "Plated lithium metal that has lost electrical contact with the electrode, usually because SEI formed around it. It can no longer take part in cycling, so every gram of it is permanent capacity loss.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-plating",
          "loss-of-lithium-inventory",
          "sei",
          "titration-gas-chromatography"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/dead-lithium/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrodeposition",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrodeposition",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrodeposition",
        "name": "Electrodeposition",
        "aka": [
          "electroplating",
          "electrolytic deposition"
        ],
        "section": "topic-electrochemistry",
        "definition": "Depositing a solid, usually a metal, onto an electrode by reducing its dissolved ions. Most battery copper foil is made this way on a rotating drum, and even plating and stripping of lithium or zinc decides whether metal electrodes work; lithium plating on graphite is the same process happening where it is not wanted.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-plating",
          "copper-foil",
          "dendrite",
          "lithium-metal-anode",
          "reduction",
          "electrolytic-cell"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrodeposition/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "graphite"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "lesson:fundamentals/battery-aging/",
      "type": "Lesson",
      "label": "Lesson 4 · Battery aging",
      "properties": {
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-aging/"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "reference:edge-degradation",
      "type": "Reference",
      "label": "Lithium ion battery degradation: what you need to know",
      "properties": {
        "title": "Lithium ion battery degradation: what you need to know",
        "publisher": "Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/D1CP00359C",
        "type": "Review article",
        "scope": "Degradation mechanisms, modes, operational effects and their interactions.",
        "year": 2021,
        "accessed": "2026-10-27"
      }
    }
  ]
}