GB/T 31485

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Abuse testing

Deliberately driving cells and packs beyond their limits — overcharge, crush, nail penetration, external short, heating, drop — to see how they fail. Standards define each test and rank the outcome on a hazard scale from no effect to explosion.

Crush test

Deforming a cell or pack between a platen and a round bar or sphere until the voltage drops or a set force is reached, to reproduce a crash. It checks whether the case and separator fail gracefully or cause a short.

GB 38031

China’s mandatory national safety standard for electric-vehicle traction batteries. Its 2025 revision, mandatory from July 2026, requires that a single-cell thermal runaway produce no fire or explosion in the pack, going beyond the five-minute warning of earlier rules.

GB/T 31467

China’s national standard of test methods for the electrical performance of lithium-ion traction battery packs and systems. The 2023 edition merged the former part 1, for high-power packs, and part 2, for high-energy packs; the former safety part, GB/T 31467.3, was superseded by the mandatory GB 38031.

Nail penetration test

Driving a steel nail through a charged cell to create a sudden internal short circuit. It is easy to run and widely cited, but its severity depends on nail size, speed and depth, and it is a poor stand-in for the small latent shorts that cause field failures.

Nickel–metal hydride battery

A 1.2 V aqueous cell with a nickel hydroxide positive electrode and a hydrogen-absorbing alloy negative. It powered hybrid cars for two decades and is tolerant of abuse, but lithium-ion stores two to three times more energy per kilogram.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, Revision 8

   United Nations Economic Commission for Europe · 2023

   Topic background · Dangerous-goods classification tests; subsection 38.3 concerns battery transport testing.

2. Manual of Tests and Criteria, Revision 8, Amendment 1

   United Nations Economic Commission for Europe · 2025

   Topic background · Amendments to Revision 8, including changes to battery testing in subsection 38.3.