GB 38031

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GB 18384

China’s mandatory safety standard for electric vehicles with high-voltage (class B) systems: high-voltage marking, protection against direct and indirect contact, waterproofing, and requirements on the traction battery, collision protection and charging interfaces. The current edition, GB 18384-2025, applies from July 2026 and also covers underbody protection, warnings and event data recording.

GB/T 38661

China’s technical specification for battery management systems in electric vehicles: requirements, test methods and inspection rules for the BMS of lithium-ion and nickel–metal hydride traction batteries, in force since October 2020. It gives Chinese vehicle makers and BMS suppliers a shared basis for specifying and testing the control electronics.

GTR 20

The UN Global Technical Regulation on electric vehicle safety, the basis of national rules in Europe, China, Japan and elsewhere. Its thermal propagation clause requires a warning to occupants at least five minutes before a hazardous condition in the cabin.

Thermal propagation test

Triggering thermal runaway in one cell of a module or pack — by heater, nail or overcharge — and measuring whether and how fast it spreads. Regulations now require at least a warning period, five minutes in several markets, before the cabin is at risk.

Thermal propagation

Thermal runaway spreading from one cell to its neighbours through conducted heat, hot gas and flame. Pack designs are judged by whether, and how slowly, a single failing cell takes the rest with it.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, Revision 8

   United Nations Economic Commission for Europe · 2023

   Topic background · Dangerous-goods classification tests; subsection 38.3 concerns battery transport testing.

2. Manual of Tests and Criteria, Revision 8, Amendment 1

   United Nations Economic Commission for Europe · 2025

   Topic background · Amendments to Revision 8, including changes to battery testing in subsection 38.3.