{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:gbt-31485",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "GB/T 31485",
    "properties": {
      "id": "gbt-31485",
      "name": "GB/T 31485",
      "section": "topic-standards-vehicle",
      "definition": "China’s 2015 safety standard for lithium-ion and nickel–metal hydride traction cells and modules, with abuse tests such as overcharge, over-discharge, short circuit, drop, heating, crush and nail penetration, plus seawater immersion and low pressure for cells. Together with GB/T 31467.3 for packs, it was superseded in 2021 by the mandatory GB 38031.",
      "related": [
        "gb-38031",
        "gbt-31467",
        "abuse-testing",
        "nail-penetration",
        "crush-test",
        "nickel-metal-hydride"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/gbt-31485/",
      "mentions": [
        "overcharge",
        "over-discharge",
        "short-circuit"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:6232",
      "source": "term:gbt-31485",
      "target": "topic:topic-standards-vehicle",
      "type": "belongsTo",
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        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
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    {
      "id": "edge:6233",
      "source": "term:gbt-31485",
      "target": "term:gb-38031",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6234",
      "source": "term:gbt-31485",
      "target": "term:gbt-31467",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6235",
      "source": "term:gbt-31485",
      "target": "term:abuse-testing",
      "type": "relatedTo",
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        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6236",
      "source": "term:gbt-31485",
      "target": "term:nail-penetration",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6237",
      "source": "term:gbt-31485",
      "target": "term:crush-test",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6238",
      "source": "term:gbt-31485",
      "target": "term:nickel-metal-hydride",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/gbt-31485/overcharge",
      "source": "term:gbt-31485",
      "target": "term:overcharge",
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        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
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    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/gbt-31485/over-discharge",
      "source": "term:gbt-31485",
      "target": "term:over-discharge",
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      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
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        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
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    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/gbt-31485/short-circuit",
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      "target": "term:short-circuit",
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      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
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  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-standards-vehicle",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Vehicle and transport standards",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-standards-vehicle",
        "name": "Vehicle and transport standards",
        "lede": "The regulations and standards a vehicle battery must meet to be approved, and the rules for shipping batteries by road, sea and air.",
        "context": "Check issuing organization, edition, scope and market.",
        "example": "Shipping tests and vehicle battery approval tests address different uses; passing one does not automatically satisfy another.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-basics/",
        "lesson_label": "Open battery basics"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:gb-38031",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "GB 38031",
      "properties": {
        "id": "gb-38031",
        "name": "GB 38031",
        "section": "topic-standards-vehicle",
        "definition": "China’s mandatory national safety standard for electric-vehicle traction batteries. Its 2025 revision, mandatory from July 2026, requires that a single-cell thermal runaway produce no fire or explosion in the pack, going beyond the five-minute warning of earlier rules.",
        "related": [
          "gtr-20",
          "thermal-propagation",
          "propagation-test",
          "gb-18384",
          "gbt-38661"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/gb-38031/",
        "mentions": [
          "thermal-runaway"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:gbt-31467",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "GB/T 31467",
      "properties": {
        "id": "gbt-31467",
        "name": "GB/T 31467",
        "aka": [
          "GB/T 31467.1",
          "GB/T 31467.2",
          "GB/T 31467.3"
        ],
        "section": "topic-standards-vehicle",
        "definition": "China’s national standard of test methods for the electrical performance of lithium-ion traction battery packs and systems. The 2023 edition merged the former part 1, for high-power packs, and part 2, for high-energy packs; the former safety part, GB/T 31467.3, was superseded by the mandatory GB 38031.",
        "related": [
          "gb-38031",
          "gbt-31485",
          "iso-12405",
          "pack",
          "capacity-test",
          "qct-743"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/gbt-31467/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:abuse-testing",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Abuse testing",
      "properties": {
        "id": "abuse-testing",
        "name": "Abuse testing",
        "section": "topic-safety",
        "definition": "Deliberately driving cells and packs beyond their limits — overcharge, crush, nail penetration, external short, heating, drop — to see how they fail. Standards define each test and rank the outcome on a hazard scale from no effect to explosion.",
        "related": [
          "nail-penetration",
          "overcharge-test",
          "crush-test",
          "short-circuit-test",
          "hazard-level",
          "oven-test"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/abuse-testing/",
        "mentions": [
          "overcharge"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:nail-penetration",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Nail penetration test",
      "properties": {
        "id": "nail-penetration",
        "name": "Nail penetration test",
        "section": "topic-safety",
        "definition": "Driving a steel nail through a charged cell to create a sudden internal short circuit. It is easy to run and widely cited, but its severity depends on nail size, speed and depth, and it is a poor stand-in for the small latent shorts that cause field failures.",
        "related": [
          "internal-short-circuit",
          "abuse-testing",
          "thermal-runaway"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/nail-penetration/",
        "mentions": [
          "short-circuit"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:crush-test",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Crush test",
      "properties": {
        "id": "crush-test",
        "name": "Crush test",
        "section": "topic-safety",
        "definition": "Deforming a cell or pack between a platen and a round bar or sphere until the voltage drops or a set force is reached, to reproduce a crash. It checks whether the case and separator fail gracefully or cause a short.",
        "related": [
          "abuse-testing",
          "internal-short-circuit",
          "nail-penetration",
          "vehicle-crash-test"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/crush-test/",
        "mentions": [
          "separator"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:nickel-metal-hydride",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Nickel–metal hydride battery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "nickel-metal-hydride",
        "name": "Nickel–metal hydride battery",
        "abbr": "NiMH",
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A 1.2 V aqueous cell with a nickel hydroxide positive electrode and a hydrogen-absorbing alloy negative. It powered hybrid cars for two decades and is tolerant of abuse, but lithium-ion stores two to three times more energy per kilogram.",
        "related": [
          "hybrid-vehicle",
          "memory-effect",
          "specific-energy",
          "bipolar-battery",
          "nickel-hydrogen"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/nickel-metal-hydride/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:overcharge",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Overcharge",
      "properties": {
        "id": "overcharge",
        "name": "Overcharge",
        "section": "topic-charging",
        "definition": "Charging past the upper cutoff voltage. The positive electrode over-delithiates and releases oxygen, the electrolyte oxidises and lithium plates on the negative, so an unprotected overcharge can end in thermal runaway.",
        "related": [
          "cutoff-voltage",
          "thermal-runaway",
          "bms",
          "overcharge-test",
          "electrolyte-decomposition"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/overcharge/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "electrolyte"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:over-discharge",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Over-discharge",
      "properties": {
        "id": "over-discharge",
        "name": "Over-discharge",
        "aka": [
          "deep discharge"
        ],
        "section": "topic-charging",
        "definition": "Discharging below the lower cutoff voltage. Near 1.5 V the copper current collector begins to dissolve, and on the next charge it can redeposit as metal that shorts the cell, so a deeply discharged cell should not simply be recharged.",
        "related": [
          "cutoff-voltage",
          "copper-dissolution",
          "internal-short-circuit",
          "bms",
          "low-voltage-disconnect"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/over-discharge/",
        "mentions": [
          "current-collector"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:short-circuit",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Short circuit",
      "properties": {
        "id": "short-circuit",
        "name": "Short circuit",
        "section": "topic-units",
        "definition": "A connection of negligible resistance between two points that should be separated, so current is limited only by the source. For a battery it may be external, across the terminals, or internal, between the electrodes inside the cell.",
        "related": [
          "external-short-circuit",
          "internal-short-circuit",
          "fuse",
          "ohms-law"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#short-circuit",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/short-circuit/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    }
  ]
}