Dangerous goods training

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49 CFR

Title 49 of the US Code of Federal Regulations, whose Hazardous Materials Regulations, issued by PHMSA, govern shipping batteries within and from the United States. Section 173.185 covers lithium cells and batteries: every design must pass UN 38.3, small cells and batteries get lighter rules, and damaged or recalled ones may travel only by road, rail or vessel.

Dangerous goods declaration

The shipper’s signed document listing each dangerous item in a consignment — UN number, proper shipping name such as ‘Lithium ion batteries packed with equipment’, class, packing instruction and quantity — and certifying that it is classified, packed, marked and labelled correctly. Fully regulated battery shipments need one; Section II shipments do not.

IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations

The airline industry’s manual for shipping dangerous goods by air, built on the ICAO Technical Instructions and reissued every year. Lithium batteries fall under packing instructions 965–967 for lithium-ion — alone, packed with or inside equipment — and 968–970 for lithium metal. Lithium-ion batteries shipped alone must be at no more than 30 % state of charge; from 2026 so must those packed with equipment above 2.7 Wh.

Section IA, IB and II

The tiers within the air packing instructions for lithium batteries. Section IA is fully regulated; Section IB covers small batteries — cells up to 20 Wh and batteries up to 100 Wh, or 1 g and 2 g of lithium metal — shipped alone; Section II relaxes the rules for such batteries packed with or inside equipment. Section II for batteries shipped alone was withdrawn in 2022.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, Revision 8

   United Nations Economic Commission for Europe · 2023

   Topic background · Dangerous-goods classification tests; subsection 38.3 concerns battery transport testing.

2. Manual of Tests and Criteria, Revision 8, Amendment 1

   United Nations Economic Commission for Europe · 2025

   Topic background · Amendments to Revision 8, including changes to battery testing in subsection 38.3.