Dangerous goods declaration

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49 CFR

Title 49 of the US Code of Federal Regulations, whose Hazardous Materials Regulations, issued by PHMSA, govern shipping batteries within and from the United States. Section 173.185 covers lithium cells and batteries: every design must pass UN 38.3, small cells and batteries get lighter rules, and damaged or recalled ones may travel only by road, rail or vessel.

Class 9 dangerous goods

The miscellaneous hazard class of the UN Model Regulations, where lithium and sodium-ion batteries sit; wet lead–acid and nickel batteries with corrosive electrolyte are Class 8 instead. Fully regulated battery consignments carry the Class 9A label — seven vertical stripes above a burning-battery symbol — alongside the separate lithium battery mark where that applies.

Dangerous goods training

The certified training that anyone who classifies, packs, marks or documents dangerous goods must hold for the modes they ship by. Air rules under the ICAO Technical Instructions and IATA require recurrent training within 24 months; US 49 CFR requires it at least every three years. Shipping lithium batteries under Section IB, or fully regulated, needs it.

IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations

The airline industry’s manual for shipping dangerous goods by air, built on the ICAO Technical Instructions and reissued every year. Lithium batteries fall under packing instructions 965–967 for lithium-ion — alone, packed with or inside equipment — and 968–970 for lithium metal. Lithium-ion batteries shipped alone must be at no more than 30 % state of charge; from 2026 so must those packed with equipment above 2.7 Wh.

UN numbers for batteries

The four-digit numbers that identify a battery consignment worldwide: UN 3480 for lithium-ion batteries, UN 3481 for lithium-ion packed with or contained in equipment, UN 3090 and 3091 for the same in lithium metal, UN 3551 and 3552 for sodium-ion, and UN 3536 for batteries installed in a cargo transport unit. Since 2025 battery-powered vehicles have UN 3556–3558.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, Revision 8

   United Nations Economic Commission for Europe · 2023

   Topic background · Dangerous-goods classification tests; subsection 38.3 concerns battery transport testing.

2. Manual of Tests and Criteria, Revision 8, Amendment 1

   United Nations Economic Commission for Europe · 2025

   Topic background · Amendments to Revision 8, including changes to battery testing in subsection 38.3.