Aluminium-ion battery

Example

Use in Lemonergy

Do not carry lithium-ion assumptions into every chemistry.

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Aluminium–air battery

A primary cell that oxidises an aluminium plate with oxygen from the air in an alkaline or saline electrolyte. Aluminium’s theoretical specific energy is about 8 kWh/kg, so practical cells are very energy-dense, but they cannot be recharged electrically: the spent hydroxide must be collected and smelted back into metal, and the plate corrodes while idle.

Dual-ion battery

A cell in which both ions of the salt do work: on charge, cations enter the negative electrode while anions such as PF₆⁻ intercalate into a graphite positive at about 4.5–5 V. The electrolyte is therefore an active material whose salt content limits capacity, and it must survive very high voltage; the payoff is cheap, cobalt-free electrodes.

Graphite

Layered carbon, the negative active material of nearly all lithium-ion cells. Lithium intercalates between its layers up to LiC₆, a theoretical 372 mAh/g, at a potential about 0.1 V above lithium metal.

Intercalation

Lithium inserting into, and leaving, the host structure of an electrode material — between graphite layers, for example — without destroying it.

Ionic liquid electrolyte

An electrolyte based on a salt that is liquid at room temperature, with negligible vapour pressure and so no flammability. High viscosity, cost and poor graphite compatibility have confined it to niche cells.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities

   Jang Wook Choi, Doron Aurbach · Nature Reviews Materials · 2016

   Topic background · Post-lithium-ion materials and battery concepts, including practical cell-level limitations; historical 2016 perspective.

2. DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA

   Sandia National Laboratories · 2013

   Topic background · Storage technologies and grid services. The publisher notes that its historical cost and deployment figures are outdated.