{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:aluminium-ion",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Aluminium-ion battery",
    "properties": {
      "id": "aluminium-ion",
      "name": "Aluminium-ion battery",
      "abbr": "Al-ion",
      "aka": [
        "aluminum-ion battery",
        "graphene aluminium-ion battery"
      ],
      "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
      "definition": "A rechargeable cell with an aluminium-metal negative electrode, usually in a chloroaluminate ionic liquid, in which chloroaluminate anions rather than bare Al³⁺ ions shuttle and intercalate into a graphite or graphene positive. Demonstrations reach about 2 V and thousands of fast cycles, but the positive’s low capacity keeps energy density modest; graphene versions are pursued commercially.",
      "related": [
        "ionic-liquid-electrolyte",
        "dual-ion-battery",
        "graphite",
        "aluminium-air",
        "intercalation"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/aluminium-ion/",
      "mentions": [
        "electrode",
        "negative-electrode",
        "energy-density"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:5830",
      "source": "term:aluminium-ion",
      "target": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5831",
      "source": "term:aluminium-ion",
      "target": "term:ionic-liquid-electrolyte",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5832",
      "source": "term:aluminium-ion",
      "target": "term:dual-ion-battery",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5833",
      "source": "term:aluminium-ion",
      "target": "term:graphite",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5834",
      "source": "term:aluminium-ion",
      "target": "term:aluminium-air",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5835",
      "source": "term:aluminium-ion",
      "target": "term:intercalation",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/aluminium-ion/electrode",
      "source": "term:aluminium-ion",
      "target": "term:electrode",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/aluminium-ion/negative-electrode",
      "source": "term:aluminium-ion",
      "target": "term:negative-electrode",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/aluminium-ion/energy-density",
      "source": "term:aluminium-ion",
      "target": "term:energy-density",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Other and emerging chemistries",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "name": "Other and emerging chemistries",
        "lede": "Batteries beyond today’s lithium-ion: lead, nickel and primary cells, flow and metal–air batteries, solid-state and lithium-metal cells, and the multivalent and sodium chemistries in development.",
        "context": "Do not carry lithium-ion assumptions into every chemistry.",
        "example": "Two chemistries can meet the same energy target with different voltage windows and charge termination.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-anatomy/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell anatomy"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:ionic-liquid-electrolyte",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Ionic liquid electrolyte",
      "properties": {
        "id": "ionic-liquid-electrolyte",
        "name": "Ionic liquid electrolyte",
        "section": "topic-electrolytes",
        "definition": "An electrolyte based on a salt that is liquid at room temperature, with negligible vapour pressure and so no flammability. High viscosity, cost and poor graphite compatibility have confined it to niche cells.",
        "related": [
          "electrolyte",
          "flammability",
          "ionic-conductivity"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/ionic-liquid-electrolyte/",
        "mentions": [
          "graphite"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:dual-ion-battery",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Dual-ion battery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "dual-ion-battery",
        "name": "Dual-ion battery",
        "abbr": "DIB",
        "aka": [
          "dual-graphite battery"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A cell in which both ions of the salt do work: on charge, cations enter the negative electrode while anions such as PF₆⁻ intercalate into a graphite positive at about 4.5–5 V. The electrolyte is therefore an active material whose salt content limits capacity, and it must survive very high voltage; the payoff is cheap, cobalt-free electrodes.",
        "related": [
          "intercalation",
          "graphite",
          "electrochemical-stability-window",
          "aluminium-ion",
          "lithium-salt",
          "fluoride-ion"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/dual-ion-battery/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "negative-electrode",
          "active-material",
          "electrolyte"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:graphite",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Graphite",
      "properties": {
        "id": "graphite",
        "name": "Graphite",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "Layered carbon, the negative active material of nearly all lithium-ion cells. Lithium intercalates between its layers up to LiC₆, a theoretical 372 mAh/g, at a potential about 0.1 V above lithium metal.",
        "related": [
          "anode-active-material",
          "intercalation",
          "natural-graphite",
          "synthetic-graphite",
          "lithium-plating"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components",
        "example": {
          "title": "Compare matching mass bases",
          "text": "A graphite value per gram of active material cannot be directly compared with a value including binder, additive and foil."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/graphite/",
        "mentions": [
          "milliampere-hour",
          "active-material"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:aluminium-air",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Aluminium–air battery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "aluminium-air",
        "name": "Aluminium–air battery",
        "abbr": "Al–air",
        "aka": [
          "aluminum-air battery"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A primary cell that oxidises an aluminium plate with oxygen from the air in an alkaline or saline electrolyte. Aluminium’s theoretical specific energy is about 8 kWh/kg, so practical cells are very energy-dense, but they cannot be recharged electrically: the spent hydroxide must be collected and smelted back into metal, and the plate corrodes while idle.",
        "related": [
          "zinc-air",
          "lithium-air",
          "primary-cell",
          "aluminium-ion",
          "iron-air"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/aluminium-air/",
        "mentions": [
          "kilowatt-hour",
          "electrolyte",
          "specific-energy"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:intercalation",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Intercalation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "intercalation",
        "name": "Intercalation",
        "section": "topic-electrochemistry",
        "definition": "Lithium inserting into, and leaving, the host structure of an electrode material — between graphite layers, for example — without destroying it.",
        "related": [
          "graphite",
          "rocking-chair",
          "lithium-plating",
          "conversion-reaction",
          "alloying"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#plating",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/intercalation/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrode",
        "name": "Electrode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A solid conductor where the cell’s reaction happens, in contact with the electrolyte. A lithium-ion cell has a negative electrode and a positive electrode, each a porous coating on a metal foil.",
        "related": [
          "negative-electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "porous-electrode",
          "current-collector"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components",
        "example": {
          "title": "Two transport paths",
          "text": "Electrons need connected solid paths to the collector; ions need electrolyte paths to reaction sites. More of one constituent displaces others at fixed volume."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "coating"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:negative-electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Negative electrode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "negative-electrode",
        "name": "Negative electrode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The electrode at the lower potential, usually graphite on copper foil in a lithium-ion cell. It holds the lithium when the cell is charged and releases it on discharge, and industry calls it the anode.",
        "related": [
          "anode",
          "graphite",
          "positive-electrode",
          "copper-foil"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#anode-cathode",
        "example": {
          "title": "Keep the polarity name",
          "text": "Graphite remains the negative electrode during charge and discharge, while the anode/cathode reaction labels change with operating direction."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/negative-electrode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:energy-density",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Energy density",
      "properties": {
        "id": "energy-density",
        "name": "Energy density",
        "aka": [
          "volumetric energy density"
        ],
        "section": "topic-ratings",
        "definition": "Stored energy per unit volume, in watt-hours per litre. It is the figure that matters when space is the constraint, as in a phone or under a car floor; high-energy cylindrical cells pass 700 Wh/L.",
        "unit": "Wh/L",
        "related": [
          "specific-energy",
          "nominal-energy",
          "ragone-plot",
          "areal-loading"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/#energy",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/energy-density/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    }
  ]
}