Working and counter electrode

Example

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Connected concepts

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Half-cell

A test cell with the electrode under study against lithium metal, so the measured potential is that electrode’s alone. It is how a new material’s capacity and voltage are first measured, usually in coin-cell format.

Potentiostat

An instrument that controls the potential of an electrode against a reference and measures the current, or the reverse as a galvanostat. It is the tool for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and three-electrode experiments.

Reference electrode

An electrode of stable, known potential against which another is measured. In lithium-ion work it is a piece of lithium metal, which defines the Li/Li⁺ scale; outside it the standard hydrogen electrode is the primary reference.

Three-electrode cell

A full cell with an added reference electrode, so the potential of each working electrode can be tracked separately during cycling. It reveals, for instance, when the graphite potential drops below 0 V and plating begins.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Battery Test Manual For Electric Vehicles, Revision 3

   Jon P. Christopherson · Idaho National Laboratory · 2015

   Topic background · Performance characterization, pulse resistance/power, life testing and reference performance tests; historical 2015 edition.