Thermogravimetric analysis

Example

Use in Lemonergy

Connect results with scale and specimen preparation.

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Binder

A polymer that holds electrode particles to each other and to the foil — typically PVDF for positive electrodes and CMC with SBR for graphite. It stores no charge, so cell designers use as little as the electrode needs.

Conductive additive

Fine carbon, such as carbon black or carbon nanotubes, added in small amounts to an electrode so that electrons can reach every active particle. Many active materials conduct electrons poorly on their own.

Differential scanning calorimetry

Heating a milligram sample at a steady rate and recording the heat it releases or absorbs. It gives the decomposition temperatures and heats of electrode materials and electrolyte, inputs to any thermal-runaway assessment.

Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy

Identifying chemical bonds from the infrared wavelengths a sample absorbs. Battery labs use it to fingerprint electrolyte solvents and their ratios, organic SEI species such as lithium alkyl carbonates, and binders; the attenuated-total-reflectance mode probes electrode surfaces directly, and gas cells analyse vent gas online.

Moisture content

The water left in electrodes, separator and electrolyte, measured by Karl Fischer titration and specified in the low hundreds of parts per million or below. Water forms HF with the salt, which attacks the positive electrode and the SEI.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Advanced characterization techniques for solid state lithium battery research

   Yuxuan Xiang, Xia Li, Yongqiang Cheng, Xueliang Sun, Yong Yang · Materials Today · 2020

   Topic background · X-ray, solid-state NMR and neutron methods in solid-state battery research.