{
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    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Thermogravimetric analysis",
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      "id": "thermogravimetric-analysis",
      "name": "Thermogravimetric analysis",
      "abbr": "TGA",
      "aka": [
        "thermogravimetry",
        "TGA-MS"
      ],
      "section": "topic-analysis",
      "definition": "Recording a sample’s mass while heating it at a controlled rate in air or inert gas. The mass steps give the moisture, binder and carbon content of electrodes and the decomposition of salts, SEI species and residual lithium carbonate; coupled to a mass spectrometer or FTIR it also identifies the gases driven off.",
      "related": [
        "differential-scanning-calorimetry",
        "binder",
        "moisture-content",
        "conductive-additive",
        "fourier-transform-infrared-spectroscopy"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/thermogravimetric-analysis/",
      "mentions": [
        "sei",
        "lithium-carbonate"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
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      "id": "edge:5624",
      "source": "term:thermogravimetric-analysis",
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      "source": "term:thermogravimetric-analysis",
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      "id": "topic:topic-analysis",
      "type": "Topic",
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        "name": "Materials analysis and post-mortem",
        "lede": "The laboratory techniques that look inside electrodes, interphases and electrolytes to see what a cell is made of and how it aged.",
        "context": "Connect results with scale and specimen preparation.",
        "example": "Surface and bulk measurements may find different compositions in the same electrode without contradiction.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/labs/battery-materials-lab/",
        "lesson_label": "Open materials lab"
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      "id": "term:differential-scanning-calorimetry",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Differential scanning calorimetry",
      "properties": {
        "id": "differential-scanning-calorimetry",
        "name": "Differential scanning calorimetry",
        "abbr": "DSC",
        "section": "topic-analysis",
        "definition": "Heating a milligram sample at a steady rate and recording the heat it releases or absorbs. It gives the decomposition temperatures and heats of electrode materials and electrolyte, inputs to any thermal-runaway assessment.",
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      "id": "term:binder",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Binder",
      "properties": {
        "id": "binder",
        "name": "Binder",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A polymer that holds electrode particles to each other and to the foil — typically PVDF for positive electrodes and CMC with SBR for graphite. It stores no charge, so cell designers use as little as the electrode needs.",
        "related": [
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        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#composite",
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          "title": "Balance coating functions",
          "text": "Increasing binder fraction at fixed coating mass leaves less mass for active material and conductive additive. Adhesion and capacity are separate design considerations."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/binder/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "graphite",
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      "id": "term:moisture-content",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Moisture content",
      "properties": {
        "id": "moisture-content",
        "name": "Moisture content",
        "aka": [
          "Karl Fischer titration"
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        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "The water left in electrodes, separator and electrolyte, measured by Karl Fischer titration and specified in the low hundreds of parts per million or below. Water forms HF with the salt, which attacks the positive electrode and the SEI.",
        "unit": "ppm",
        "related": [
          "vacuum-drying",
          "dry-room",
          "hydrofluoric-acid"
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          "sei"
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      "id": "term:conductive-additive",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Conductive additive",
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        "id": "conductive-additive",
        "name": "Conductive additive",
        "aka": [
          "carbon black",
          "conductive carbon"
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        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "Fine carbon, such as carbon black or carbon nanotubes, added in small amounts to an electrode so that electrons can reach every active particle. Many active materials conduct electrons poorly on their own.",
        "related": [
          "active-material",
          "binder",
          "electronic-conductivity",
          "slurry"
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        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#composite",
        "example": {
          "title": "Distribution matters",
          "text": "Two coatings with the same additive mass can have different electronic connectivity if the additive is distributed differently."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/conductive-additive/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "carbon-nanotube"
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      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:fourier-transform-infrared-spectroscopy",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy",
      "properties": {
        "id": "fourier-transform-infrared-spectroscopy",
        "name": "Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy",
        "abbr": "FTIR",
        "aka": [
          "infrared spectroscopy",
          "IR spectroscopy",
          "ATR-FTIR"
        ],
        "section": "topic-analysis",
        "definition": "Identifying chemical bonds from the infrared wavelengths a sample absorbs. Battery labs use it to fingerprint electrolyte solvents and their ratios, organic SEI species such as lithium alkyl carbonates, and binders; the attenuated-total-reflectance mode probes electrode surfaces directly, and gas cells analyse vent gas online.",
        "related": [
          "x-ray-photoelectron-spectroscopy",
          "sei",
          "electrolyte",
          "electrolyte-decomposition",
          "off-gas"
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/fourier-transform-infrared-spectroscopy/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
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      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:sei",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Solid–electrolyte interphase",
      "properties": {
        "id": "sei",
        "name": "Solid–electrolyte interphase",
        "abbr": "SEI",
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "A film of electrolyte reaction products on the negative-electrode particles — graphite, and also silicon or lithium metal. It protects the electrode from further reaction but grows slowly for the whole life of the cell, consuming cyclable lithium.",
        "related": [
          "passivation",
          "formation",
          "calendar-aging",
          "loss-of-lithium-inventory",
          "cei"
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/sei/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "graphite",
          "electrolyte"
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      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lithium-carbonate",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Lithium carbonate",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lithium-carbonate",
        "name": "Lithium carbonate",
        "abbr": "Li₂CO₃",
        "aka": [
          "LCE",
          "lithium carbonate equivalent"
        ],
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "The commodity form in which most lithium is traded and the lithium source for LFP and mid-nickel cathodes. Lithium carbonate equivalent, LCE, is the unit the industry uses to count lithium supply whatever its chemical form.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-hydroxide",
          "brine",
          "spodumene",
          "calcination",
          "lithium"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lithium-carbonate/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    }
  ]
}