Specific capacity

Example

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Active material

The part of an electrode that actually stores lithium — graphite on the negative side, an oxide or phosphate on the positive. It makes up most of the electrode coating; the rest is binder and conductive additive.

Faraday’s law of electrolysis

The amount of substance transformed at an electrode is proportional to the charge passed: one mole of electrons per Faraday. It converts a material’s formula into its theoretical capacity in mAh/g.

Specific energy

Stored energy per unit mass, in watt-hours per kilogram. Commercial lithium-ion cells range from about 160 Wh/kg for LFP to around 270 Wh/kg for high-nickel chemistries; at pack level the figure drops by a quarter or more.

Theoretical capacity

The capacity a material would deliver if every available lithium ion took part, computed from Faraday’s law and the molar mass. Practical capacity is lower because not all the lithium can be removed reversibly.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition

   Bureau International des Poids et Mesures · 2026

   Topic background · Definitions of SI units and coherent derived units; 2026 revision.

2. Battery Test Manual For Electric Vehicles, Revision 3

   Jon P. Christopherson · Idaho National Laboratory · 2015

   Topic background · Performance characterization, pulse resistance/power, life testing and reference performance tests; historical 2015 edition.