Range

Example

Use in Lemonergy

Start with mission energy, peak power and operating conditions.

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Connected concepts

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Electric vehicle

A vehicle driven by an electric motor from a battery charged from the grid. A battery electric vehicle has no engine; it is the largest market for lithium-ion cells and the driver of most pack technology.

Energy consumption per distance

The energy a vehicle draws from its battery per kilometre, in Wh/km or kWh/100 km. A mid-size electric car uses about 150–200 Wh/km and a 12 m city bus around 1–1.5 kWh/km, more in winter when heating runs. Usable energy divided by consumption gives range, so consumption sets battery size.

Energy density

Stored energy per unit volume, in watt-hours per litre. It is the figure that matters when space is the constraint, as in a phone or under a car floor; high-energy cylindrical cells pass 700 Wh/L.

Road-load power demand

The power a vehicle needs at its wheels to overcome aerodynamic drag, rolling resistance, gradient and inertia at a given moment. Drag power rises with the cube of speed, which is why motorway driving drains a battery so much faster than town driving; integrated over a drive cycle it gives energy consumption and range.

State of energy

Remaining energy as a fraction of total energy, which differs from state of charge because the voltage falls as a cell empties. It is the quantity behind a range estimate, and is harder to estimate than SOC.

Usable capacity

The part of a cell’s capacity that a system actually lets it use, after the BMS reserves margins at the top and bottom of the state-of-charge window. An electric-car pack may use 90–95 % of its gross capacity.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA

   Sandia National Laboratories · 2013

   Topic background · Storage technologies and grid services. The publisher notes that its historical cost and deployment figures are outdated.