Energy consumption per distance

Example

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Use in Lemonergy

Separate nameplate ratings from test results.

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Electric bus

A battery-electric city or coach bus, with packs of 300–700 kWh on the roof and at the rear, LFP or NMC, charged overnight in the depot or at the terminus by pantograph. Its duty cycle — long hours, deep daily cycles, a twelve-year life — makes battery aging the central engineering question.

Electric vehicle

A vehicle driven by an electric motor from a battery charged from the grid. A battery electric vehicle has no engine; it is the largest market for lithium-ion cells and the driver of most pack technology.

Load profile

The current or power a battery must deliver as a function of time in its application — a drive cycle for a car, a daily charge–discharge pattern for storage. Aging tests built on a realistic profile predict life better than constant-current cycling.

Range

How far an electric vehicle travels on a full charge: usable energy divided by consumption per kilometre. Cold weather, speed and heating cut it, and the gap between official and real range is usually consumption, not battery capacity.

SORT cycle

The UITP’s three standardised drive cycles for measuring bus energy consumption: SORT 1 heavy urban, SORT 2 easy mixed, SORT 3 easy suburban. An electric bus’s rated range in a tender is usually quoted per SORT cycle, often with heating or cooling load added as E-SORT.

Usable capacity

The part of a cell’s capacity that a system actually lets it use, after the BMS reserves margins at the top and bottom of the state-of-charge window. An electric-car pack may use 90–95 % of its gross capacity.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition

   Bureau International des Poids et Mesures · 2026

   Topic background · Definitions of SI units and coherent derived units; 2026 revision.

2. Battery Test Manual For Electric Vehicles, Revision 3

   Jon P. Christopherson · Idaho National Laboratory · 2015

   Topic background · Performance characterization, pulse resistance/power, life testing and reference performance tests; historical 2015 edition.