{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:range",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Range",
    "properties": {
      "id": "range",
      "name": "Range",
      "section": "topic-applications",
      "definition": "How far an electric vehicle travels on a full charge: usable energy divided by consumption per kilometre. Cold weather, speed and heating cut it, and the gap between official and real range is usually consumption, not battery capacity.",
      "unit": "km",
      "related": [
        "usable-capacity",
        "state-of-energy",
        "electric-vehicle",
        "energy-density",
        "energy-consumption-per-distance",
        "road-load-power"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/range/",
      "mentions": []
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:3099",
      "source": "term:range",
      "target": "topic:topic-applications",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:3100",
      "source": "term:range",
      "target": "term:usable-capacity",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:3101",
      "source": "term:range",
      "target": "term:state-of-energy",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:3102",
      "source": "term:range",
      "target": "term:electric-vehicle",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:3103",
      "source": "term:range",
      "target": "term:energy-density",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:3104",
      "source": "term:range",
      "target": "term:energy-consumption-per-distance",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:3105",
      "source": "term:range",
      "target": "term:road-load-power",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-applications",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Applications and market",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-applications",
        "name": "Applications and market",
        "lede": "Where batteries are used, and the terms used to buy, size and compare them.",
        "context": "Start with mission energy, peak power and operating conditions.",
        "example": "20 kWh total energy and a ten-second 100 kW peak constrain different design aspects.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/",
        "lesson_label": "Open energy and power"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:usable-capacity",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Usable capacity",
      "properties": {
        "id": "usable-capacity",
        "name": "Usable capacity",
        "aka": [
          "available capacity"
        ],
        "section": "topic-ratings",
        "definition": "The part of a cell’s capacity that a system actually lets it use, after the BMS reserves margins at the top and bottom of the state-of-charge window. An electric-car pack may use 90–95 % of its gross capacity.",
        "related": [
          "nominal-capacity",
          "depth-of-discharge",
          "state-of-charge",
          "bms"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/usable-capacity/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:state-of-energy",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "State of energy",
      "properties": {
        "id": "state-of-energy",
        "name": "State of energy",
        "abbr": "SOE",
        "section": "topic-state",
        "definition": "Remaining energy as a fraction of total energy, which differs from state of charge because the voltage falls as a cell empties. It is the quantity behind a range estimate, and is harder to estimate than SOC.",
        "unit": "%",
        "related": [
          "state-of-charge",
          "nominal-energy",
          "range"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/state-of-energy/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electric-vehicle",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electric vehicle",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electric-vehicle",
        "name": "Electric vehicle",
        "abbr": "EV",
        "aka": [
          "BEV",
          "battery electric vehicle"
        ],
        "section": "topic-applications",
        "definition": "A vehicle driven by an electric motor from a battery charged from the grid. A battery electric vehicle has no engine; it is the largest market for lithium-ion cells and the driver of most pack technology.",
        "related": [
          "hybrid-vehicle",
          "range",
          "pack",
          "regenerative-braking",
          "maritime-battery",
          "industrial-vehicle-battery"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electric-vehicle/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:energy-density",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Energy density",
      "properties": {
        "id": "energy-density",
        "name": "Energy density",
        "aka": [
          "volumetric energy density"
        ],
        "section": "topic-ratings",
        "definition": "Stored energy per unit volume, in watt-hours per litre. It is the figure that matters when space is the constraint, as in a phone or under a car floor; high-energy cylindrical cells pass 700 Wh/L.",
        "unit": "Wh/L",
        "related": [
          "specific-energy",
          "nominal-energy",
          "ragone-plot",
          "areal-loading"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/#energy",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/energy-density/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:energy-consumption-per-distance",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Energy consumption per distance",
      "properties": {
        "id": "energy-consumption-per-distance",
        "name": "Energy consumption per distance",
        "aka": [
          "Wh/km",
          "kWh/100 km",
          "kWh/km",
          "vehicle energy consumption"
        ],
        "section": "topic-ratings",
        "definition": "The energy a vehicle draws from its battery per kilometre, in Wh/km or kWh/100 km. A mid-size electric car uses about 150–200 Wh/km and a 12 m city bus around 1–1.5 kWh/km, more in winter when heating runs. Usable energy divided by consumption gives range, so consumption sets battery size.",
        "formula": "Range = E_usable / consumption",
        "unit": "Wh/km",
        "related": [
          "range",
          "usable-capacity",
          "electric-vehicle",
          "electric-bus",
          "sort-cycle",
          "load-profile"
        ],
        "example": {
          "title": "Estimate an ideal range",
          "text": "With 60 kWh usable energy and a consumption of 0.20 kWh/km, estimated range is 300 km. The estimate changes with speed, weather, auxiliaries and the usable-energy window."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/energy-consumption-per-distance/",
        "mentions": [
          "kilowatt-hour"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:road-load-power",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Road-load power demand",
      "properties": {
        "id": "road-load-power",
        "name": "Road-load power demand",
        "aka": [
          "road load",
          "tractive power",
          "traction power demand"
        ],
        "section": "topic-applications",
        "definition": "The power a vehicle needs at its wheels to overcome aerodynamic drag, rolling resistance, gradient and inertia at a given moment. Drag power rises with the cube of speed, which is why motorway driving drains a battery so much faster than town driving; integrated over a drive cycle it gives energy consumption and range.",
        "formula": "P = v·(½·ρ·C_d·A·v² + C_rr·m·g·cos θ + m·g·sin θ + m·a)",
        "unit": "W",
        "related": [
          "range",
          "load-profile",
          "regenerative-braking",
          "traction-motor",
          "power"
        ],
        "example": {
          "title": "Isolate the aerodynamic contribution",
          "text": "Using illustrative ρ = 1.2 kg/m³, drag coefficient 0.30, frontal area 2.2 m² and speed 20 m/s, aerodynamic power alone is about 3.17 kW. Rolling resistance, grade, acceleration and drivetrain losses add to it."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/road-load-power/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    }
  ]
}