Electric vehicle

Example

Use in Lemonergy

Connected concepts

Related concepts from the knowledge graph. Connections show context, not cause and effect. Hover or focus a linked term for its definition.

Hybrid and plug-in hybrid vehicle

A hybrid pairs an engine with a small battery, around 1 kWh, that is cycled hard for power rather than energy; a plug-in hybrid adds a 10–25 kWh pack that can be charged from the grid for electric-only driving. Their cells are designed for power and life rather than energy.

Industrial vehicle batteries

Batteries for forklifts, warehouse tugs, automated guided vehicles and mobile robots. Lead–acid forklift batteries are deliberately heavy, doubling as counterweight, and are swapped or recharged over a shift break; LFP replacements allow opportunity charging in short pauses, which suits robots that dock themselves between tasks.

Maritime battery systems

Batteries for ships: all-electric ferries on short crossings, and hybrid propulsion that lets vessels run engines at their best load or sit emission-free in port. Norway’s first all-electric car ferry, in service since 2015, uses about 150–200 kWh per crossing. Classification societies such as DNV set rules for fire safety, ventilation and gas detection in battery rooms.

Battery pack

The complete battery as installed: modules or cells, the BMS, contactors and fuses, busbars, cooling, sensors and an enclosure. Its energy is the sum of its cells’ energies; its mass and volume are a good deal more.

Range

How far an electric vehicle travels on a full charge: usable energy divided by consumption per kilometre. Cold weather, speed and heating cut it, and the gap between official and real range is usually consumption, not battery capacity.

Regenerative braking

Using a vehicle’s motor as a generator while slowing down, so braking energy charges the battery in short high-current pulses. A cold or full battery cannot accept it, which is one reason a BMS computes charge power limits continuously.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA

   Sandia National Laboratories · 2013

   Topic background · Storage technologies and grid services. The publisher notes that its historical cost and deployment figures are outdated.