Lithium–manganese dioxide cell

Example

Use in Lemonergy

Do not carry lithium-ion assumptions into every chemistry.

This is a reference concept. No executable Lemonergy block has been verified for this term.

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Coin cell

A small disc-shaped cell in a crimped steel case. Besides powering watches and key fobs, it is the standard laboratory format for testing a new electrode material against lithium metal.

Lithium–carbon monofluoride cell

A primary cell whose positive electrode is fluorinated carbon, CFx. Its theoretical specific energy, about 2,180 Wh/kg, is the highest of the commercial primary chemistries, and self-discharge is very low; under load it delivers around 2.5–2.8 V. It powers medical implants, military and space equipment and long-life sensors, but heats noticeably at high rates.

Lithium–thionyl chloride cell

A 3.6 V primary cell in which liquid thionyl chloride is both the electrolyte solvent and the positive reactant, reduced on a porous carbon electrode. A protective lithium chloride film keeps self-discharge around 1 % a year, so cells run utility meters and trackers for 10–20 years, but it also causes a voltage delay when a load is first applied.

Primary cell

A cell designed to be discharged once and not recharged, such as an alkaline or lithium–manganese dioxide cell. Its reaction is not reversible in practice, unlike the secondary cells this glossary is mostly about.

Self-discharge

The slow loss of stored charge while a cell is not in use. An unexpected rise can signal a leakage path or a soft internal short.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities

   Jang Wook Choi, Doron Aurbach · Nature Reviews Materials · 2016

   Topic background · Post-lithium-ion materials and battery concepts, including practical cell-level limitations; historical 2016 perspective.

2. DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA

   Sandia National Laboratories · 2013

   Topic background · Storage technologies and grid services. The publisher notes that its historical cost and deployment figures are outdated.