{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:lithium-manganese-dioxide",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Lithium–manganese dioxide cell",
    "properties": {
      "id": "lithium-manganese-dioxide",
      "name": "Lithium–manganese dioxide cell",
      "abbr": "Li–MnO₂",
      "aka": [
        "CR cell",
        "lithium coin cell",
        "CR123A"
      ],
      "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
      "definition": "The most common lithium primary chemistry: a lithium-metal negative, a heat-treated manganese dioxide positive and an organic electrolyte, giving 3 V. It fills CR-coded coin cells such as the CR2032 and cylindrical CR123A camera cells, and loses only about 1 % of its capacity a year in storage.",
      "related": [
        "primary-cell",
        "coin-cell",
        "lithium-thionyl-chloride",
        "lithium-carbon-monofluoride",
        "self-discharge"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lithium-manganese-dioxide/",
      "mentions": [
        "electrolyte",
        "manganese"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:5918",
      "source": "term:lithium-manganese-dioxide",
      "target": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5919",
      "source": "term:lithium-manganese-dioxide",
      "target": "term:primary-cell",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5920",
      "source": "term:lithium-manganese-dioxide",
      "target": "term:coin-cell",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5921",
      "source": "term:lithium-manganese-dioxide",
      "target": "term:lithium-thionyl-chloride",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5922",
      "source": "term:lithium-manganese-dioxide",
      "target": "term:lithium-carbon-monofluoride",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5923",
      "source": "term:lithium-manganese-dioxide",
      "target": "term:self-discharge",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/lithium-manganese-dioxide/electrolyte",
      "source": "term:lithium-manganese-dioxide",
      "target": "term:electrolyte",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/lithium-manganese-dioxide/manganese",
      "source": "term:lithium-manganese-dioxide",
      "target": "term:manganese",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Other and emerging chemistries",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "name": "Other and emerging chemistries",
        "lede": "Batteries beyond today’s lithium-ion: lead, nickel and primary cells, flow and metal–air batteries, solid-state and lithium-metal cells, and the multivalent and sodium chemistries in development.",
        "context": "Do not carry lithium-ion assumptions into every chemistry.",
        "example": "Two chemistries can meet the same energy target with different voltage windows and charge termination.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-anatomy/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell anatomy"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:primary-cell",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Primary cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "primary-cell",
        "name": "Primary cell",
        "aka": [
          "non-rechargeable battery"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A cell designed to be discharged once and not recharged, such as an alkaline or lithium–manganese dioxide cell. Its reaction is not reversible in practice, unlike the secondary cells this glossary is mostly about.",
        "related": [
          "secondary-cell",
          "lithium-ion",
          "iec-60086-5",
          "lithium-iron-disulfide"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/primary-cell/",
        "mentions": [
          "lithium-manganese-dioxide",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:coin-cell",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Coin cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "coin-cell",
        "name": "Coin cell",
        "aka": [
          "button cell",
          "CR2032"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "A small disc-shaped cell in a crimped steel case. Besides powering watches and key fobs, it is the standard laboratory format for testing a new electrode material against lithium metal.",
        "related": [
          "half-cell",
          "testing",
          "lithium-metal-anode"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/coin-cell/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lithium-thionyl-chloride",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Lithium–thionyl chloride cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lithium-thionyl-chloride",
        "name": "Lithium–thionyl chloride cell",
        "abbr": "Li–SOCl₂",
        "aka": [
          "ER cell",
          "lithium thionyl chloride"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A 3.6 V primary cell in which liquid thionyl chloride is both the electrolyte solvent and the positive reactant, reduced on a porous carbon electrode. A protective lithium chloride film keeps self-discharge around 1 % a year, so cells run utility meters and trackers for 10–20 years, but it also causes a voltage delay when a load is first applied.",
        "related": [
          "primary-cell",
          "passivation",
          "self-discharge",
          "lithium-manganese-dioxide",
          "lithium-carbon-monofluoride"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lithium-thionyl-chloride/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "electrolyte"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lithium-carbon-monofluoride",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Lithium–carbon monofluoride cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lithium-carbon-monofluoride",
        "name": "Lithium–carbon monofluoride cell",
        "abbr": "Li–CFx",
        "aka": [
          "Li/CFx",
          "BR cell",
          "lithium polycarbon monofluoride"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A primary cell whose positive electrode is fluorinated carbon, CFx. Its theoretical specific energy, about 2,180 Wh/kg, is the highest of the commercial primary chemistries, and self-discharge is very low; under load it delivers around 2.5–2.8 V. It powers medical implants, military and space equipment and long-life sensors, but heats noticeably at high rates.",
        "related": [
          "primary-cell",
          "lithium-manganese-dioxide",
          "lithium-thionyl-chloride",
          "specific-energy",
          "conversion-reaction"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lithium-carbon-monofluoride/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "self-discharge"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:self-discharge",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Self-discharge",
      "properties": {
        "id": "self-discharge",
        "name": "Self-discharge",
        "section": "topic-charging",
        "definition": "The slow loss of stored charge while a cell is not in use. An unexpected rise can signal a leakage path or a soft internal short.",
        "unit": "%/month",
        "related": [
          "internal-short-circuit",
          "calendar-aging",
          "k-value",
          "calendar-life",
          "self-discharge-test"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#check-yourself",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/self-discharge/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrolyte",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrolyte",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrolyte",
        "name": "Electrolyte",
        "section": "topic-electrolytes",
        "definition": "The ion-conducting medium between the electrodes. In a liquid-electrolyte cell it fills the pores of both electrodes and the separator, so it is not a separate structural layer.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-salt",
          "carbonate-solvent",
          "electrolyte-additive",
          "ionic-conductivity",
          "solid-electrolyte",
          "ionic-liquid-electrolyte"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#electrolyte",
        "example": {
          "title": "Ions and electrons",
          "text": "Electrolyte carries ions between electrodes; the external circuit carries electrons. The two paths serve different roles."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrolyte/",
        "mentions": [
          "separator"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:manganese",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Manganese",
      "properties": {
        "id": "manganese",
        "name": "Manganese",
        "aka": [
          "manganese sulfate",
          "high-purity manganese sulfate",
          "HPMSM"
        ],
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "A cheap, abundant metal used in NMC, LMO and LMFP positive electrodes and in alkaline cells. Ore comes mostly from South Africa, Gabon and Australia, but about 95 % of battery-grade high-purity manganese sulfate was refined in China in 2024, which puts manganese on critical-raw-material lists despite plentiful reserves.",
        "related": [
          "nmc",
          "lmo",
          "lmfp",
          "critical-raw-materials",
          "cobalt",
          "nickel-sulfate"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/manganese/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    }
  ]
}