Global warming potential

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Battery carbon footprint

The greenhouse gases emitted to make a battery, typically 50–100 kg CO₂-equivalent per kWh, dominated by cathode materials and the electricity used in cell production. The EU regulation requires it to be declared and will later cap it.

CO₂-equivalent

The common unit for greenhouse gases: each gas’s mass multiplied by its global warming potential, so that a mix of emissions is expressed as the mass of carbon dioxide with the same warming effect. One kilogram of fossil methane counts as about 30 kg CO₂e; battery carbon footprints are quoted in kg CO₂e per kWh.

Life-cycle assessment

The method for totalling a product’s environmental impact from raw material to end of life, standardised in ISO 14040. For a battery it is what turns mining, production, use and recycling data into a carbon footprint.

Product Environmental Footprint

The European Commission’s harmonised life-cycle method, which scores a product on 16 environmental impact categories, climate change among them. Category rules, PEFCRs, fix the functional unit, system boundary and data for one product group — rechargeable batteries had one from the pilot phase — and the EU Battery Regulation’s carbon-footprint rules build on the method.

References & further reading

Technical references

1. Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate: Glossary

   Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change · 2019

   Technical reference · Climate terminology, emissions metrics and global warming potential.

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

2. Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 concerning batteries and waste batteries

   European Union / EUR-Lex · 2023

   Topic background · Battery sustainability, information, waste management and battery passport provisions. Consult the current consolidated text and applicable implementing acts.