{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:global-warming-potential",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Global warming potential",
    "properties": {
      "id": "global-warming-potential",
      "name": "Global warming potential",
      "abbr": "GWP",
      "aka": [
        "GWP100"
      ],
      "section": "topic-sustainability",
      "definition": "How much heat a greenhouse gas traps over a set horizon, usually 100 years, relative to the same mass of carbon dioxide. On IPCC AR6 values fossil methane scores about 30, nitrous oxide 273 and sulfur hexafluoride about 25 000; multiplying each emission by its GWP gives the CO₂-equivalent totals of a battery’s carbon footprint.",
      "related": [
        "co2-equivalent",
        "carbon-footprint",
        "life-cycle-assessment",
        "product-environmental-footprint"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/global-warming-potential/",
      "mentions": []
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:6921",
      "source": "term:global-warming-potential",
      "target": "topic:topic-sustainability",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6922",
      "source": "term:global-warming-potential",
      "target": "term:co2-equivalent",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6923",
      "source": "term:global-warming-potential",
      "target": "term:carbon-footprint",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6924",
      "source": "term:global-warming-potential",
      "target": "term:life-cycle-assessment",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6925",
      "source": "term:global-warming-potential",
      "target": "term:product-environmental-footprint",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6926",
      "source": "term:global-warming-potential",
      "target": "reference:ipcc-glossary",
      "type": "cites",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "wiki-references.json",
        "scope": "direct technical reference"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-sustainability",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Supply chain and regulation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-sustainability",
        "name": "Supply chain and regulation",
        "lede": "Where the materials come from, what a battery’s carbon footprint is, and the rules that govern it from mine to market.",
        "context": "Keep boundaries, dates, geography and units.",
        "example": "Carbon footprints can be compared only with compatible boundaries and functional units.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-production/",
        "lesson_label": "Open production context"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:co2-equivalent",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "CO₂-equivalent",
      "properties": {
        "id": "co2-equivalent",
        "name": "CO₂-equivalent",
        "abbr": "CO₂e",
        "aka": [
          "carbon dioxide equivalent",
          "CO2e",
          "CO2-equivalent",
          "CO2eq"
        ],
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "The common unit for greenhouse gases: each gas’s mass multiplied by its global warming potential, so that a mix of emissions is expressed as the mass of carbon dioxide with the same warming effect. One kilogram of fossil methane counts as about 30 kg CO₂e; battery carbon footprints are quoted in kg CO₂e per kWh.",
        "formula": "CO₂e = Σ mᵢ · GWPᵢ",
        "unit": "kg CO₂e",
        "related": [
          "global-warming-potential",
          "carbon-footprint",
          "carbon-footprint-declaration",
          "scope-emissions"
        ],
        "example": {
          "title": "Apply a stated emissions factor",
          "text": "For a hypothetical inventory with 10 kg CO₂ and 1 kg of another gas assigned a chosen GWP of 25, the total is 35 kg CO₂e. Record the assessment source and time horizon; the illustrative factor 25 is not a universal value."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/co2-equivalent/",
        "mentions": [
          "kilowatt-hour"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:carbon-footprint",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Battery carbon footprint",
      "properties": {
        "id": "carbon-footprint",
        "name": "Battery carbon footprint",
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "The greenhouse gases emitted to make a battery, typically 50–100 kg CO₂-equivalent per kWh, dominated by cathode materials and the electricity used in cell production. The EU regulation requires it to be declared and will later cap it.",
        "unit": "kg CO₂e/kWh",
        "related": [
          "life-cycle-assessment",
          "eu-battery-regulation",
          "battery-passport",
          "gigafactory",
          "carbon-footprint-declaration"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/carbon-footprint/",
        "mentions": [
          "kilowatt-hour",
          "cathode",
          "cell-production",
          "co2-equivalent"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:life-cycle-assessment",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Life-cycle assessment",
      "properties": {
        "id": "life-cycle-assessment",
        "name": "Life-cycle assessment",
        "abbr": "LCA",
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "The method for totalling a product’s environmental impact from raw material to end of life, standardised in ISO 14040. For a battery it is what turns mining, production, use and recycling data into a carbon footprint.",
        "related": [
          "carbon-footprint",
          "recycling",
          "eu-battery-regulation"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/life-cycle-assessment/",
        "mentions": [
          "end-of-life",
          "iso-14040"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:product-environmental-footprint",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Product Environmental Footprint",
      "properties": {
        "id": "product-environmental-footprint",
        "name": "Product Environmental Footprint",
        "abbr": "PEF",
        "aka": [
          "PEFCR",
          "Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules",
          "Environmental Footprint method"
        ],
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "The European Commission’s harmonised life-cycle method, which scores a product on 16 environmental impact categories, climate change among them. Category rules, PEFCRs, fix the functional unit, system boundary and data for one product group — rechargeable batteries had one from the pilot phase — and the EU Battery Regulation’s carbon-footprint rules build on the method.",
        "related": [
          "life-cycle-assessment",
          "carbon-footprint-declaration",
          "functional-unit",
          "global-warming-potential",
          "iso-14040"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/product-environmental-footprint/",
        "mentions": [
          "eu-battery-regulation",
          "system-boundary"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "reference:ipcc-glossary",
      "type": "Reference",
      "label": "Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate: Glossary",
      "properties": {
        "title": "Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate: Glossary",
        "publisher": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change",
        "url": "https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/chapter/glossary/",
        "type": "Scientific glossary",
        "scope": "Climate terminology, emissions metrics and global warming potential.",
        "year": 2019,
        "accessed": "2026-10-27"
      }
    }
  ]
}