CO₂-equivalent

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Battery carbon footprint

The greenhouse gases emitted to make a battery, typically 50–100 kg CO₂-equivalent per kWh, dominated by cathode materials and the electricity used in cell production. The EU regulation requires it to be declared and will later cap it.

Carbon footprint declaration

The first lifecycle obligation of the EU Battery Regulation for EV, industrial and LMT batteries: a declared carbon footprint per kWh calculated to a harmonised method, followed by performance classes and, later, a maximum threshold above which a battery cannot be sold.

Global warming potential

How much heat a greenhouse gas traps over a set horizon, usually 100 years, relative to the same mass of carbon dioxide. On IPCC AR6 values fossil methane scores about 30, nitrous oxide 273 and sulfur hexafluoride about 25 000; multiplying each emission by its GWP gives the CO₂-equivalent totals of a battery’s carbon footprint.

Scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions

The Greenhouse Gas Protocol’s split of a company’s emissions: Scope 1 from sources it owns, such as furnaces and vehicles; Scope 2 from the electricity and heat it buys; Scope 3 from everything else in its value chain. For a carmaker, its cell suppliers’ emissions are Scope 3, as are those of the cars it sells while they are driven.

References & further reading

Technical references

1. Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate: Glossary

   Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change · 2019

   Technical reference · Climate terminology, emissions metrics and global warming potential.

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

2. Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 concerning batteries and waste batteries

   European Union / EUR-Lex · 2023

   Topic background · Battery sustainability, information, waste management and battery passport provisions. Consult the current consolidated text and applicable implementing acts.