First-cycle loss

Example

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Coulombic efficiency

Charge delivered on discharge divided by charge put in on the previous charge. A healthy lithium-ion cell exceeds 99.9 %; the missing fraction is lithium lost to side reactions, so CE is an early and sensitive aging signal.

Formation

The first controlled charge and discharge cycles of a newly assembled cell, during which the SEI forms. It is part of cell production, before aging and grading.

Pre-lithiation

Adding extra lithium to an electrode before the cell is assembled — as lithium powder, foil or a sacrificial additive — to compensate for the lithium lost to SEI formation. It matters most for silicon-rich negative electrodes.

Solid–electrolyte interphase

A film of electrolyte reaction products on the negative-electrode particles — graphite, and also silicon or lithium metal. It protects the electrode from further reaction but grows slowly for the whole life of the cell, consuming cyclable lithium.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Current and future lithium-ion battery manufacturing

   Yangtao Liu, Ruihan Zhang, Jun Wang, Yan Wang · iScience · 2021

   Topic background · Electrode preparation, cell assembly, formation and manufacturing trade-offs.