Industrial vehicle batteries

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Battery swapping

Replacing a vehicle’s depleted battery with a charged one at a station in a few minutes, so the battery is charged slowly and separately. It is used for taxis, two-wheelers and some trucks; it requires standardised packs and turns the battery into a shared, leased asset.

IEC 62485

The installation standard for secondary batteries and battery installations: ventilation, protection against electric shock, and the layout of battery rooms. Part 2 covers stationary batteries, part 3 traction batteries for industrial trucks.

Lead–acid battery

The oldest rechargeable chemistry, lead and lead dioxide electrodes in sulfuric acid, at 2 V per cell. Heavy and short-lived in deep cycling but cheap, recyclable and good at cold cranking, it still starts most cars and backs up most telecom sites.

LFP

A positive electrode material, LiFePO₄, giving cells a nominal voltage around 3.2 V, long cycle life and good thermal stability, but less energy per kilogram than nickel-rich oxides. Its flat voltage curve makes state of charge hard to read from voltage alone.

Opportunity charging

Topping up a vehicle in short, high-power bursts wherever it stops anyway — a bus at its terminus or at stops, a forklift at breaks — instead of carrying enough energy for the whole day. It allows a smaller, lighter battery, at the price of frequent high-rate cycling and of chargers along the route.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA

   Sandia National Laboratories · 2013

   Topic background · Storage technologies and grid services. The publisher notes that its historical cost and deployment figures are outdated.