Damaged and defective battery transport

Example

Use in Lemonergy

Distinguish recovered material from a qualified product.

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Reverse logistics

Collecting end-of-life and faulty batteries and bringing them to a sorting or recycling site: take-back points, transport as dangerous goods, storage and documentation. For large packs it is often the single biggest cost of recycling.

Swelling

Growth in a cell’s thickness, reversibly as the electrodes expand on charge and irreversibly as gas and SEI accumulate. Packs allow for it with compression pads, and a sudden swell in service is a warning sign.

Thermal runaway

Self-accelerating heating in a cell: heat speeds up reactions that release more heat, until the cell vents, catches fire or ruptures. An internal short, overcharge or external heating can trigger it.

UN 38.3

The United Nations test sequence that every lithium cell and battery must pass before it can be shipped: altitude, thermal cycling, vibration, shock, external short, impact or crush, overcharge and forced discharge. Air shipment of cells also caps state of charge at 30 %.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling

   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

   Topic background · Battery construction, recycling routes and U.S. waste-management context.

2. Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles

   Gavin Harper et al. · Nature · 2019

   Topic background · Reuse, disassembly and mechanical, hydro-, pyro- and direct recycling routes.