Zinc–bromine battery

Example

Use in Lemonergy

Do not carry lithium-ion assumptions into every chemistry.

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Aqueous zinc-ion battery

A rechargeable cell with a zinc-metal negative and mildly acidic zinc sulfate electrolyte, in which Zn²⁺ ions and protons insert into a manganese oxide or vanadium oxide positive. It is cheap, non-flammable and runs at about 1.3–1.5 V, aimed at stationary storage; dendrites, hydrogen evolution and dissolution of the positive limit cycle life.

Dendrite

A tree-like metal deposit that can grow from the negative electrode through the separator, raising self-discharge or causing an internal short circuit.

Flow battery

A battery whose energy is stored in liquid electrolytes held in external tanks and pumped through a reaction stack. Energy and power scale independently, which suits long-duration grid storage; vanadium is the most developed chemistry.

Hydrogen–bromine flow battery

A hybrid flow battery pairing a hydrogen gas electrode, built like a fuel cell’s, with a liquid bromine–bromide electrode, for about 1.1 V. Fast kinetics on both sides give very high power density and hydrobromic acid is cheap; the obstacles are corrosive, toxic bromine attacking the platinum catalyst and membrane, and storing the hydrogen.

Long-duration energy storage

Storage that discharges for eight hours or more, filling gaps that lithium-ion’s one-to-four-hour systems leave. Flow, iron–air and thermal technologies compete for it by making energy capacity cheap even when power is not.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities

   Jang Wook Choi, Doron Aurbach · Nature Reviews Materials · 2016

   Topic background · Post-lithium-ion materials and battery concepts, including practical cell-level limitations; historical 2016 perspective.

2. DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA

   Sandia National Laboratories · 2013

   Topic background · Storage technologies and grid services. The publisher notes that its historical cost and deployment figures are outdated.