Hydrogen–bromine flow battery

Example

Use in Lemonergy

Do not carry lithium-ion assumptions into every chemistry.

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Flow battery

A battery whose energy is stored in liquid electrolytes held in external tanks and pumped through a reaction stack. Energy and power scale independently, which suits long-duration grid storage; vanadium is the most developed chemistry.

Fuel cell

An electrochemical converter that makes electricity from a fuel, usually hydrogen, and oxygen as long as both are supplied, rather than storing energy in its electrodes. Fuel-cell vehicles still carry a battery to buffer power.

Iron–chromium flow battery

The first modern redox flow battery, developed by NASA in the 1970s, using Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ and Cr³⁺/Cr²⁺ couples dissolved in hydrochloric acid for about 1.2 V. Both metals are cheap, but ions cross the membrane and the chromium side evolves hydrogen, so cells run warm with catalysts and rebalancing; vanadium chemistry largely displaced it.

Specific power

Deliverable power per unit mass, in watts per kilogram; power density is the same per litre. A cell is designed for energy or for power, rarely both: thin electrodes give power, thick ones give energy.

Zinc–bromine battery

A hybrid flow battery: on charge, zinc plates onto the negative electrode while bromine forms at the positive and is captured by a complexing agent into an oily phase stored in a tank. The cell gives about 1.8 V from cheap materials, but zinc dendrites, corrosive bromine and periodic full discharges to strip the zinc complicate operation.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities

   Jang Wook Choi, Doron Aurbach · Nature Reviews Materials · 2016

   Topic background · Post-lithium-ion materials and battery concepts, including practical cell-level limitations; historical 2016 perspective.

2. DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA

   Sandia National Laboratories · 2013

   Topic background · Storage technologies and grid services. The publisher notes that its historical cost and deployment figures are outdated.