{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:zinc-bromine",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Zinc–bromine battery",
    "properties": {
      "id": "zinc-bromine",
      "name": "Zinc–bromine battery",
      "abbr": "Zn–Br",
      "aka": [
        "zinc–bromine flow battery",
        "ZBFB"
      ],
      "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
      "definition": "A hybrid flow battery: on charge, zinc plates onto the negative electrode while bromine forms at the positive and is captured by a complexing agent into an oily phase stored in a tank. The cell gives about 1.8 V from cheap materials, but zinc dendrites, corrosive bromine and periodic full discharges to strip the zinc complicate operation.",
      "related": [
        "flow-battery",
        "dendrite",
        "long-duration-storage",
        "aqueous-zinc-ion",
        "hydrogen-bromine-flow-battery"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/zinc-bromine/",
      "mentions": [
        "electrode",
        "negative-electrode"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:5982",
      "source": "term:zinc-bromine",
      "target": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5983",
      "source": "term:zinc-bromine",
      "target": "term:flow-battery",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5984",
      "source": "term:zinc-bromine",
      "target": "term:dendrite",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5985",
      "source": "term:zinc-bromine",
      "target": "term:long-duration-storage",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5986",
      "source": "term:zinc-bromine",
      "target": "term:aqueous-zinc-ion",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5987",
      "source": "term:zinc-bromine",
      "target": "term:hydrogen-bromine-flow-battery",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/zinc-bromine/electrode",
      "source": "term:zinc-bromine",
      "target": "term:electrode",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/zinc-bromine/negative-electrode",
      "source": "term:zinc-bromine",
      "target": "term:negative-electrode",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Other and emerging chemistries",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "name": "Other and emerging chemistries",
        "lede": "Batteries beyond today’s lithium-ion: lead, nickel and primary cells, flow and metal–air batteries, solid-state and lithium-metal cells, and the multivalent and sodium chemistries in development.",
        "context": "Do not carry lithium-ion assumptions into every chemistry.",
        "example": "Two chemistries can meet the same energy target with different voltage windows and charge termination.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-anatomy/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell anatomy"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:flow-battery",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Flow battery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "flow-battery",
        "name": "Flow battery",
        "aka": [
          "vanadium redox flow battery",
          "VRFB"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A battery whose energy is stored in liquid electrolytes held in external tanks and pumped through a reaction stack. Energy and power scale independently, which suits long-duration grid storage; vanadium is the most developed chemistry.",
        "related": [
          "stationary-storage",
          "long-duration-storage",
          "redox-reaction",
          "fuel-cell"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/flow-battery/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:dendrite",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Dendrite",
      "properties": {
        "id": "dendrite",
        "name": "Dendrite",
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "A tree-like metal deposit that can grow from the negative electrode through the separator, raising self-discharge or causing an internal short circuit.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-plating",
          "internal-short-circuit",
          "lithium-metal-anode",
          "separator"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#plating",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/dendrite/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "negative-electrode",
          "self-discharge",
          "short-circuit"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:long-duration-storage",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Long-duration energy storage",
      "properties": {
        "id": "long-duration-storage",
        "name": "Long-duration energy storage",
        "abbr": "LDES",
        "section": "topic-applications",
        "definition": "Storage that discharges for eight hours or more, filling gaps that lithium-ion’s one-to-four-hour systems leave. Flow, iron–air and thermal technologies compete for it by making energy capacity cheap even when power is not.",
        "related": [
          "stationary-storage",
          "flow-battery",
          "e-rate",
          "levelized-cost-of-storage"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/long-duration-storage/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:aqueous-zinc-ion",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Aqueous zinc-ion battery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "aqueous-zinc-ion",
        "name": "Aqueous zinc-ion battery",
        "abbr": "AZIB",
        "aka": [
          "zinc-ion battery",
          "Zn-ion",
          "ZIB"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A rechargeable cell with a zinc-metal negative and mildly acidic zinc sulfate electrolyte, in which Zn²⁺ ions and protons insert into a manganese oxide or vanadium oxide positive. It is cheap, non-flammable and runs at about 1.3–1.5 V, aimed at stationary storage; dendrites, hydrogen evolution and dissolution of the positive limit cycle life.",
        "related": [
          "aqueous-battery",
          "alkaline-cell",
          "dendrite",
          "stationary-storage",
          "nickel-zinc"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/aqueous-zinc-ion/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "cycle-life",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:hydrogen-bromine-flow-battery",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Hydrogen–bromine flow battery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "hydrogen-bromine-flow-battery",
        "name": "Hydrogen–bromine flow battery",
        "abbr": "H₂–Br₂",
        "aka": [
          "HBr flow battery",
          "H2-Br2 flow battery"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A hybrid flow battery pairing a hydrogen gas electrode, built like a fuel cell’s, with a liquid bromine–bromide electrode, for about 1.1 V. Fast kinetics on both sides give very high power density and hydrobromic acid is cheap; the obstacles are corrosive, toxic bromine attacking the platinum catalyst and membrane, and storing the hydrogen.",
        "related": [
          "flow-battery",
          "fuel-cell",
          "zinc-bromine",
          "iron-chromium-flow-battery",
          "specific-power"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/hydrogen-bromine-flow-battery/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrode",
        "name": "Electrode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A solid conductor where the cell’s reaction happens, in contact with the electrolyte. A lithium-ion cell has a negative electrode and a positive electrode, each a porous coating on a metal foil.",
        "related": [
          "negative-electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "porous-electrode",
          "current-collector"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components",
        "example": {
          "title": "Two transport paths",
          "text": "Electrons need connected solid paths to the collector; ions need electrolyte paths to reaction sites. More of one constituent displaces others at fixed volume."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "coating"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:negative-electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Negative electrode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "negative-electrode",
        "name": "Negative electrode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The electrode at the lower potential, usually graphite on copper foil in a lithium-ion cell. It holds the lithium when the cell is charged and releases it on discharge, and industry calls it the anode.",
        "related": [
          "anode",
          "graphite",
          "positive-electrode",
          "copper-foil"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#anode-cathode",
        "example": {
          "title": "Keep the polarity name",
          "text": "Graphite remains the negative electrode during charge and discharge, while the anode/cathode reaction labels change with operating direction."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/negative-electrode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}