System boundary

Example

Use in Lemonergy

Keep boundaries, dates, geography and units.

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Carbon footprint declaration

The first lifecycle obligation of the EU Battery Regulation for EV, industrial and LMT batteries: a declared carbon footprint per kWh calculated to a harmonised method, followed by performance classes and, later, a maximum threshold above which a battery cannot be sold.

Cradle-to-grave

Names for the extent of a life-cycle assessment. Cradle-to-gate runs from raw-material extraction to the factory exit, the usual scope of a cell supplier’s data; gate-to-gate covers one production step; cradle-to-grave adds use and disposal; cradle-to-cradle replaces disposal with recycling into new products, the goal of a closed battery loop.

Functional unit

The quantified service against which a life-cycle assessment reports its results, so that different products can be compared fairly. For EU battery carbon footprints it is one kilowatt-hour of total energy delivered over the battery’s service life, so a longer-lived battery spreads its production emissions over more energy.

Life-cycle assessment

The method for totalling a product’s environmental impact from raw material to end of life, standardised in ISO 14040. For a battery it is what turns mining, production, use and recycling data into a carbon footprint.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 concerning batteries and waste batteries

   European Union / EUR-Lex · 2023

   Topic background · Battery sustainability, information, waste management and battery passport provisions. Consult the current consolidated text and applicable implementing acts.