EU Battery Regulation

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Battery passport

A digital record for each electric-vehicle and industrial battery, required in the EU from 2027, holding its composition, carbon footprint, due-diligence data, state of health and repair history, accessible by QR code.

Battery carbon footprint

The greenhouse gases emitted to make a battery, typically 50–100 kg CO₂-equivalent per kWh, dominated by cathode materials and the electricity used in cell production. The EU regulation requires it to be declared and will later cap it.

Critical raw materials

Materials that an economy depends on and whose supply is concentrated or at risk: for batteries, lithium, cobalt, nickel, natural graphite and manganese. The EU and US both list them and attach sourcing and recycling targets.

Supply-chain due diligence

The obligation on battery makers to identify and address human-rights and environmental risks in their raw-material supply chains, following OECD guidance, and now a legal requirement in the EU for cobalt, lithium, nickel and graphite.

EU Battery Directive

The earlier European law on batteries, from 2006, that restricted mercury and cadmium, set collection targets for portable batteries and made producers responsible for take-back. It is replaced step by step by the 2023 Battery Regulation.

Battery recycling

Recovering lithium, nickel, cobalt, copper and aluminium from end-of-life cells and production scrap. Scrap is today’s main feedstock; vehicle returns will dominate in the 2030s, and regulation now sets minimum recovery rates.

References & further reading

Technical references

1. Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 concerning batteries and waste batteries

   European Union / EUR-Lex · 2023

   Technical reference · Battery sustainability, information, waste management and battery passport provisions. Consult the current consolidated text and applicable implementing acts.