Spodumene

Example

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Lithium brine

Lithium-rich salt water pumped from beneath the salt flats of Chile, Argentina and Bolivia and concentrated in evaporation ponds over a year or more. Direct lithium extraction aims to pull the lithium out chemically in days instead.

Critical raw materials

Materials that an economy depends on and whose supply is concentrated or at risk: for batteries, lithium, cobalt, nickel, natural graphite and manganese. The EU and US both list them and attach sourcing and recycling targets.

Lithium carbonate

The commodity form in which most lithium is traded and the lithium source for LFP and mid-nickel cathodes. Lithium carbonate equivalent, LCE, is the unit the industry uses to count lithium supply whatever its chemical form.

Lithium hydroxide

The lithium chemical required for high-nickel cathodes, which must be fired at temperatures too low for lithium carbonate to react. It is made from spodumene directly or by converting carbonate.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 concerning batteries and waste batteries

   European Union / EUR-Lex · 2023

   Topic background · Battery sustainability, information, waste management and battery passport provisions. Consult the current consolidated text and applicable implementing acts.