Sodium–nickel chloride battery

Example

Use in Lemonergy

Do not carry lithium-ion assumptions into every chemistry.

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Connected concepts

Related concepts from the knowledge graph. Connections show context, not cause and effect. Hover or focus a linked term for its definition.

Electric bus

A battery-electric city or coach bus, with packs of 300–700 kWh on the roof and at the rear, LFP or NMC, charged overnight in the depot or at the terminus by pantograph. Its duty cycle — long hours, deep daily cycles, a twelve-year life — makes battery aging the central engineering question.

Liquid metal battery

A cell of three liquid layers that settle by density: a light liquid metal such as lithium or calcium on top, a molten-salt electrolyte in the middle and a dense metal such as antimony or lead–antimony at the bottom. Operating around 450–500 °C, it has no solid electrodes to crack or wear, promising very long life for grid storage.

Sodium–sulfur battery

A high-temperature cell of molten sodium and molten sulfur separated by a β″-alumina ceramic electrolyte, operating at about 300–350 °C and giving roughly 2 V. Made commercially by NGK in Japan since the early 2000s, it has supplied hundreds of megawatts of six-hour grid storage; heater losses and fire risk from molten reactants are its drawbacks.

Solid electrolyte

A solid ion conductor that replaces the liquid electrolyte in an all-solid-state cell. Oxide, sulfide, halide and polymer families each need a different production route.

Stationary storage

Batteries installed in a fixed place — a container at a solar farm, a cabinet in a home — to shift energy in time or support the grid. LFP cells dominate because cost per cycle and safety matter more than mass.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities

   Jang Wook Choi, Doron Aurbach · Nature Reviews Materials · 2016

   Topic background · Post-lithium-ion materials and battery concepts, including practical cell-level limitations; historical 2016 perspective.

2. DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA

   Sandia National Laboratories · 2013

   Topic background · Storage technologies and grid services. The publisher notes that its historical cost and deployment figures are outdated.