{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:sodium-nickel-chloride",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Sodium–nickel chloride battery",
    "properties": {
      "id": "sodium-nickel-chloride",
      "name": "Sodium–nickel chloride battery",
      "abbr": "ZEBRA",
      "aka": [
        "Na–NiCl₂",
        "molten-salt battery"
      ],
      "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
      "definition": "A high-temperature cell, run at about 270–350 °C, with molten sodium as negative, nickel and nickel chloride in molten sodium tetrachloroaluminate as positive, and a β″-alumina ceramic electrolyte between them, giving 2.58 V. Failed cells fail to low resistance, so a series string keeps working; it has served in buses, telecom backup and grid storage.",
      "related": [
        "sodium-sulfur",
        "solid-electrolyte",
        "electric-bus",
        "stationary-storage",
        "liquid-metal-battery"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/sodium-nickel-chloride/",
      "mentions": [
        "electrolyte",
        "string"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:6005",
      "source": "term:sodium-nickel-chloride",
      "target": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6006",
      "source": "term:sodium-nickel-chloride",
      "target": "term:sodium-sulfur",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6007",
      "source": "term:sodium-nickel-chloride",
      "target": "term:solid-electrolyte",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6008",
      "source": "term:sodium-nickel-chloride",
      "target": "term:electric-bus",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6009",
      "source": "term:sodium-nickel-chloride",
      "target": "term:stationary-storage",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6010",
      "source": "term:sodium-nickel-chloride",
      "target": "term:liquid-metal-battery",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/sodium-nickel-chloride/electrolyte",
      "source": "term:sodium-nickel-chloride",
      "target": "term:electrolyte",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/sodium-nickel-chloride/string",
      "source": "term:sodium-nickel-chloride",
      "target": "term:string",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Other and emerging chemistries",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "name": "Other and emerging chemistries",
        "lede": "Batteries beyond today’s lithium-ion: lead, nickel and primary cells, flow and metal–air batteries, solid-state and lithium-metal cells, and the multivalent and sodium chemistries in development.",
        "context": "Do not carry lithium-ion assumptions into every chemistry.",
        "example": "Two chemistries can meet the same energy target with different voltage windows and charge termination.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-anatomy/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell anatomy"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:sodium-sulfur",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Sodium–sulfur battery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "sodium-sulfur",
        "name": "Sodium–sulfur battery",
        "abbr": "NaS",
        "aka": [
          "Na–S",
          "sodium sulphur battery"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A high-temperature cell of molten sodium and molten sulfur separated by a β″-alumina ceramic electrolyte, operating at about 300–350 °C and giving roughly 2 V. Made commercially by NGK in Japan since the early 2000s, it has supplied hundreds of megawatts of six-hour grid storage; heater losses and fire risk from molten reactants are its drawbacks.",
        "related": [
          "sodium-nickel-chloride",
          "stationary-storage",
          "solid-electrolyte",
          "lithium-sulfur",
          "long-duration-storage"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/sodium-sulfur/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:solid-electrolyte",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Solid electrolyte",
      "properties": {
        "id": "solid-electrolyte",
        "name": "Solid electrolyte",
        "section": "topic-electrolytes",
        "definition": "A solid ion conductor that replaces the liquid electrolyte in an all-solid-state cell. Oxide, sulfide, halide and polymer families each need a different production route.",
        "related": [
          "solid-state-battery",
          "electrolyte",
          "sintering",
          "stack-pressure",
          "ionic-conductivity",
          "superionic-conductor"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/solid-state-cell-production/#families",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/solid-electrolyte/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electric-bus",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electric bus",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electric-bus",
        "name": "Electric bus",
        "abbr": "e-bus",
        "section": "topic-applications",
        "definition": "A battery-electric city or coach bus, with packs of 300–700 kWh on the roof and at the rear, LFP or NMC, charged overnight in the depot or at the terminus by pantograph. Its duty cycle — long hours, deep daily cycles, a twelve-year life — makes battery aging the central engineering question.",
        "related": [
          "depot-charging",
          "pantograph-charging",
          "vdv",
          "sort-cycle",
          "total-cost-of-ownership",
          "opportunity-charging"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electric-bus/",
        "mentions": [
          "kilowatt-hour"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:stationary-storage",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Stationary storage",
      "properties": {
        "id": "stationary-storage",
        "name": "Stationary storage",
        "abbr": "BESS",
        "aka": [
          "battery energy storage system",
          "ESS"
        ],
        "section": "topic-applications",
        "definition": "Batteries installed in a fixed place — a container at a solar farm, a cabinet in a home — to shift energy in time or support the grid. LFP cells dominate because cost per cycle and safety matter more than mass.",
        "related": [
          "lfp",
          "energy-management-system",
          "inverter",
          "energy-arbitrage",
          "long-duration-storage",
          "ul-9540a"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/stationary-storage/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:liquid-metal-battery",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Liquid metal battery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "liquid-metal-battery",
        "name": "Liquid metal battery",
        "abbr": "LMB",
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A cell of three liquid layers that settle by density: a light liquid metal such as lithium or calcium on top, a molten-salt electrolyte in the middle and a dense metal such as antimony or lead–antimony at the bottom. Operating around 450–500 °C, it has no solid electrodes to crack or wear, promising very long life for grid storage.",
        "related": [
          "sodium-sulfur",
          "sodium-nickel-chloride",
          "stationary-storage",
          "long-duration-storage",
          "cycle-life"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/liquid-metal-battery/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrolyte",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrolyte",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrolyte",
        "name": "Electrolyte",
        "section": "topic-electrolytes",
        "definition": "The ion-conducting medium between the electrodes. In a liquid-electrolyte cell it fills the pores of both electrodes and the separator, so it is not a separate structural layer.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-salt",
          "carbonate-solvent",
          "electrolyte-additive",
          "ionic-conductivity",
          "solid-electrolyte",
          "ionic-liquid-electrolyte"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#electrolyte",
        "example": {
          "title": "Ions and electrons",
          "text": "Electrolyte carries ions between electrodes; the external circuit carries electrons. The two paths serve different roles."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrolyte/",
        "mentions": [
          "separator"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:string",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "String",
      "properties": {
        "id": "string",
        "name": "String",
        "aka": [
          "battery string",
          "series string"
        ],
        "section": "topic-pack",
        "definition": "A chain of cells or modules connected in series to reach the system voltage, the basic electrical unit of a large battery. In stationary storage each rack is usually one string of about 1000–1500 V with its own contactors and BMS, and many strings are paralleled on a common DC bus.",
        "related": [
          "series-parallel",
          "pack-voltage",
          "stationary-storage",
          "parallel-string-current-sharing",
          "bms-architecture",
          "contactor"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/string/",
        "mentions": [
          "bms"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}